How to Invest Money in the Stock Market - A Basic Investment Guide
When you want to know how to invest money in the stock market you need to learn the stock market basics. It's best to open a brokerage account ahead of time and learn how to place the order long before you begin to think of your stock portfolio. Knowing how to trade ahead of time takes the pressure off the trade itself and puts your focus on the matter at hand, the purchase of the stock and the investing strategies.
A few of the terms that you'll notice at the trade center are limit order/market order, stop loss/trailing stops, good till canceled/day order and fill or kill/all or nothing. Of course, the order also contains the spot where you place the stock symbol and the number of shares you wish to buy.
If you have limited funds or buy penny stock, it's best you know how to invest money in the stock market with a limit order. The limit order simply states a price that you'll buy or sell the stock. If you choose to buy with a market order, you get the price that the stock sells for at that moment. On a rapidly escalating stock price, it might be a lot higher than you anticipated paying. If you set a limit purchase order and the price is lower, you get the lower price. Good till canceled means the order extends until you cancel it and day order is for one day. Stop loss and trailing stops protect your profit and stave off loss by selling if the stock drops to a certain point. Fill or kill and all or nothing are terms for functions used when trading stocks that don't have a lot of volume.
You need to also decide how to invest in the stock market. That may sound like double talk but it is the decision whether you wish to invest long term or short term. Short-term traders investing strategies differ greatly from long-term investors. The investing basics of the long-term investor look for stocks of companies that grow over time, often return dividends or take stock splits and fill a need for today and the future. The short-term investing guide tends to look at just technical side of the stock and many times don't even know what the company does, let alone the fundamentals. Often short-term investors are day traders.
No matter which type of investing you choose you need to know how to invest money in the stock market using the tools of the trade. The fundamentals of the company include the profit and loss statement, the price to earnings ratio, the management team and the effects of different economic conditions. Technical investors use the movement of the stock price from the past to attempt to predict its future movement. Stock market education involves understanding at least one of these if you're a dedicated investor.
For the casual investor, a simple investing guide is to know the business and the product. If you want to know how to invest in the stock market the simplest way, find a product that you like and you know others really like. Find out the company that makes that product and see if they make other products you recognize and know are quality. Look at the stock price and check the direction of the stock. If it's stable or going up, check out whether the company made a profit. This may be just the stock you want if see both profit and the stock movement is good. A number of top investors use this "investing for dummies" method to make their choice.
If you want to know how to invest in the stock market but aren't willing to take the time to learn, you might reconsider. If you just ask someone how to invest money without any background in the area, you are turning your money over to the whims and beliefs of another.
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Social Media Marketing for Dummies by Shiv Singh: The Social Media Marketing for Dummies Review
When learning to use social media as an online marketing tool, one of the sources you may have come across is a book by the name of, "Social Media Marketing For Dummies" by Shiv Singh. So what is it about and can it actually help you with your online social media marketing?
What is "Social Media Marketing for Dummies" by Shiv Singh?
This new book was created with the purpose of teaching businesses how to utilize the social networking sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, to market and promote their businesses and get more involved with the popular social media world. With chapters covering topics such as 'How to understand Social Influence Marketing', and 'How to launch social media campaigns', "Social Media Marketing for Dummies" covers most of the basics when it comes to learning to market online with social networking.
Social Media Marketing for Dummies Review:
These days, almost everyone has either a Facebook or Twitter account, a blog or all of the above. But it can sometimes be hard to navigate your way through the hype and figure out how to get your message to your audience in a simple and credible way. When you understand the psychology behind effective Social Media Marketing, you can ensure that your social influence and social networking campaigns will be communicating effectively, reaching your target audience appropriately and helping to enforce your desired online brand.
The Art of Social Media Marketing:
Learning the art of effective social media marketing is so essential in today's business world, and "Social Media Marketing for Dummies" by Shiv Singh is a great way to get introduced to some of the basic skills and strategies associated with an effective social media marketing campaign.
If you've already got a basic handle on how marketing with social media works and need to get more into the meat of optimizing your campaigns for greater visibility and driving more traffic to your websites, then you'll probably need to hook up with a more experienced Internet Marketing Mentoring and Coaching Center so that you'll not only be able to master Social Media Marketing for Dummies but also the Social Networking Strategies and Internet Advertising and Marketing tactics for Online Marketing Pros as well!
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I woke up this morning and my left eye was red and had thick yellow crusties on it?
It was like that for a couple days, I think my mascara might have irritated it. Well, like a complete dummy, I kept putting my contacts in and wearing mascara for one more day, and this morning I had a hard time opening my eye, and there were a bunch of yellow crusties in the outer corner of my eye. It looks like the vessels in my eyes are all red and irritated. What's wrong with my eye?
Please don't tell me I have pink eye, unless you are sure I really do. Because I can't afford to go to the doctor, I have no insurance... :( I'm 23, female. Oh yeah and sometimes I touch my dirty hand to my eye... I'm a cashier. I know I'm dumb, sorry.
The important thing is whether you can see out of the eye-after you have washed away what you describe as crusties.
In all probability if you can is that you have conjunctivitis- that is inflammation of the outer covering of the eye-this is an infection which was made worse/possibly caused by the mascara getting into the eye-certainly you should not wear contacts until all is healed.
If you have Pain(not itching or grittiness) photophobia-light hurts eyes lacrimation-eye watering a lot especially if your vision is reduced you do need to see a doctor to rule out iritis which is more serious.
Treatment for you to try bathe with warm salty water to remove discharge-use cotton wool through away each time do this frequently use eye bath if possible
Do not use mascara/lenses
use own towel-careful not to spread to other eye or give to anyone else It hopefully will rapidly improve -if not see doctor
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By definition, a Forex trading market is a 24/7 cash market wherein the currencies of nations are being bought and sold through brokers. The Forex prices would change from time to time in accordance to real-time events like political issues or perhaps the rate of inflation. The so-called "Forex analysis" is being used by market players since this would allow them to predict currency price movements. It is divided into two categories: technical and fundamental.
A fundamental analysis would use economic and political factors in order for it to predict currency movements. Meanwhile, a technical analysis would use reliable forex historical data in order to forecast the currency movements.
The fundamental analysis uses economic and political factors like the unemployment rate, housing starts, inflation in order to come up with a prediction for currency movements. It is also concerned with the reasons behind the currency movements.
A technical analysis uses forex historical data as its way of predicting currency movements. Technical analysis does not believe with the reasons for currency movements instead it believes that historical currency movements are obvious indications of future ones. A technical analyst has strong a strong stand in believing that history repeats itself and the common tool is the chart as it tracks and predicts currency price movements.
For instance, during back-to-school time, a technical analyst might be able to observe that people are most likely to go shop for clothes than flowers. Also, a technical analyst could determine that more men are going in to flower shops during Valentine's Day than into clothing stores. Another example would be the increase of oil price. This means only one thing: inflation. The interest rates would rise as a way of controlling inflation. One historical result of higher interest rates is using less money to spend which shows slow economic growth. Another historical result is the increase in foreign investment in the currency which is affected by the higher interest rates which strengthens it.
Forex traders' decisions vary. Others would rely on fundamental analysis while others would go for technical analysis. But most successful traders use both strategies and it works on them. But, one should always bear in mind that there is no such thing as having a strategy that is 100% certain.
If you want to get other information about forex and the importance of forex historical data then you could always make your own research online and be enlightened with the information that you will get.
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Typically the infant is found dead after having been put to bed, and exhibits no signs of having suffered.
SIDS is a diagnosis of exclusion. It should only be applied to an infant whose death is sudden and unexpected and remains unexplained after the performance of an adequate postmortem investigation including
an autopsy;
investigation of the scene and circumstances of the death;
exploration of the medical history of the infant and family.
SIDS was responsible for 0.543 deaths per 1,000 live births in the U.S. in 2005. It is responsible for far fewer deaths than congenital disorders and disorders related to short gestation, though it is the leading cause of death in healthy infants after one month of age.
SIDS deaths in the U.S. decreased from 4,895 in 1992 to 2,247 in 2004. But, during a similar time period, 1989 to 2004, SIDS being listed as the cause of death for sudden infant death (SID) decreased from 80% to 55%. According to Dr. John Kattwinkel, chairman of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) Special Task Force on SIDS "A lot of us are concerned that the rate (of SIDS) isn't decreasing significantly, but that a lot of it is just code shifting.
Nomenclature
Australia and New Zealand are shifting to the term Sudden Unexplained Death in Infancy (SUDI) for professional, scientific and coronial clarity.
The term SUDI is now often used instead of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) because some coroners prefer to use the term ndetermined for a death previously considered to be SIDS. This change is causing diagnostic shift in the mortality data.
SIDS Back To Sleep campaign: history and theory
In 1985 Davies reported that in Hong Kong, where Chinese custom called for supine infant sleep position (face up), SIDS was a rare problem. In 1987 the Netherlands started a campaign advising parents to place their newborn infants to sleep on their backs (supine position) instead of their stomachs (prone position). This was followed by infant supine sleep position campaigns in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Australia in 1991, the U.S. and Sweden in 1992, and Canada in 1993.
This advice was based on the epidemiology of SIDS and physiological evidence which shows that infants who sleep on their back have lower arousal thresholds and less slow-wave sleep (SWS) compared to infants who sleep on their stomachs. In human infants sleep develops rapidly during early development. This development includes an increase in non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM sleep) which is also called quiet sleep (QS) during the first 12 months of life in association with a decrease in rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep) which is also known as active sleep (AS). In addition, slow wave sleep (SWS) which consists of stage 3 and stage 4 NREM sleep appears at 2 months of age and it is theorized that some infants have a brain-stem defect which increases their risk of being unable to arouse from SWS (also called deep sleep) and therefore have an increased risk of SIDS due to their decreased ability to arouse from SWS.
Studies have shown that preterm infants, full-term infants, and older infants have greater time periods of quiet sleep and also decreased time awake when they are positioned to sleep on their stomachs. In both human infants and rats, arousal thresholds have been shown to be at higher levels in the electroencephalography (EEG) during slow-wave sleep.
In 1992, a SIDS risk reduction strategy based upon lowering arousal thresholds during SWS was implemented by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) which began recommending that healthy infants be positioned to sleep on their back (supine position) or side (lateral position), instead of their stomach (prone position), when being placed down for sleep. In 1994, a number of organizations in the United States combined to further communicate these non-prone sleep position recommendations and this became formally known as the ack To Sleep campaign. In 1996, the AAP further refined its sleep position recommendation by stating that infants should only be placed to sleep in the supine position and not in the prone or lateral positions.
In 1992, the first National Infant Sleep Position (NISP) Household Survey was conducted to determine the usual position in which U.S. mothers placed their babies to sleep: lateral (side), prone (stomach), supine (back), other, or no usual position. According to the 1992 NISP survey, 13.0% of U.S. infants were positioned in the supine position for sleep. According to the 2006 NISP survey 75.7% of infants were positioned in the supine position to sleep.
Since 1998 there have been several studies published which report that infants placed to sleep in the supine position lag in motor skills, social skills, and cognitive ability development when compared to infants who sleep in the prone position. In a 1998 article entitled ffects of Sleep Position on Infant Motor Development. by Davis, Moon, Sachs, and Ottolini, the authors state e found that sleep position significantly impacts early motor development. The prone (stomach) sleeping infants in this study slept an average of 225.2 hours (8.3%) more in their first 6 months of life than the supine (back) sleeping infants.
In the 1998 article entitled oes the Supine Sleeping Position Have Any Adverse Effects on the Child? II. Development in the First 18 Months31] by Dewey, Fleming, Golding, and the ALSPAC Study Team the objective of the study was o assess whether the recommendations that infants sleep supine could have adverse consequences on their motor and mental development. They used the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) and studied infants at 6 and 18 months. According to the study, at 6 months of age, the infants who were placed to sleep in the prone position had statistically significant higher social skills scores, gross motor scores, and total development scores than those infants who were put to sleep in the supine position. In the 2005 article entitled nfluence of supine sleep positioning on early motor milestone acquisition29] by Majnemer and Barr they used the Alberta Infant Motor Scale Scores (AIMS Scores) to analyze the impact of infant sleep position. They reported that ypically developing infants who were sleep-positioned in supine had delayed motor development by age 6 months, and this was significantly associated with limited exposure to awake prone positioning. But, the authors also note that awake prone (stomach) positioning is associated with prone (stomach) sleeping. No studies have been conducted which compare supine sleeping infants who have regular awake prone positioning (tummy time) to prone sleeping infants who have regular awake prone positioning (tummy time).
Placing infants on their stomachs while they are awake (tummy time) has been recommended to offset the motor skills delays associated with the back sleep position but positioning the infant on their stomach while awake will not impact the amount of slow wave sleep since tummy time only occurs when an infant is awake.
Undiagnosed conditions
Some conditions that may be undiagnosed and thus could be alternative diagnoses to SIDS include:
medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD deficiency), ;
infant botulism;
long QT syndrome (accounting for less than 2% of cases);
infections with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori;
shaken baby syndrome and other forms of child abuse.
For example an infant with MCAD deficiency could have died by 'classical SIDS' if found swaddled and prone with head covered in an overheated room where parents were smoking. Genes of susceptibility to MCAD and Long QT syndrome do not protect an infant from dying of classical SIDS. Therefore presence of a susceptibility gene, such as for MCAD, means the infant may have died either from SIDS or from MCAD deficiency. It is impossible for the pathologist to distinguish between them.
Risk factors
Very little is certain about the possible causes of SIDS, and there is no proven method for prevention. Although studies have identified risk factors for SIDS, such as putting infants to bed on their stomachs, there has been little understanding of the syndrome's biological cause or causes. The frequency of SIDS appears to be a strong function of the infant's sex, age and ethnicity, and the education and socio-economic-status of the infant's parents.
According to a study published in October 2007 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, babies who die of SIDS have abnormalities in the brain stem (the medulla oblongata), which helps control functions like breathing, blood pressure and arousal, and abnormalities in serotonin signaling. According to the National Institutes of Health, which funded the study, this finding is the strongest evidence to date that structural differences in a specific part of the brain may contribute to the risk of SIDS.
In a British study released May 29, 2008 researchers discovered that the common bacterial infections Staphylococcus aureus (staph) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) appear to be the cause of some cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Both bacteria were present at greater than usual concentrations in infants who died from SIDS. SIDS cases peak between eight and ten weeks after birth, which is also the time frame in which the antibodies that were passed along from mother to child are starting to disappear and babies have not yet made their own antibodies.
Listed below are several factors associated with increased probability of the syndrome based on information available prior to this recent study.
Prenatal risks
maternal nicotine use (tobacco or nicotine patch)
inadequate prenatal care
inadequate prenatal nutrition
use of heroin, cocaine and other drugs
subsequent births less than one year apart
alcohol use
infant being overweight
mother being overweight
Teen pregnancy (if the baby has a teen mother, it has a greater risk)
infant's sex (60% of SIDS cases occur in males)
Post-natal risks
mold (can cause bleeding lungs plus a variety of other uncommon conditions leading to a misdiagnoses and death). It is often misdiagnosed as a virus, flu, and/or asthma-like conditions.
low birth weight (in the U.S. from 1995-1998 the rate for 1000-1499 g was 2.89/1000 and for 3500-3999 g it was 0.51/1000)
exposure to tobacco smoke
prone sleep position (lying on the stomach, see sleep positioning below)
not breastfeeding
elevated or reduced room temperature
excess bedding, clothing, soft sleep surface and stuffed animals
Co-sleeping with parents or other siblings increases the risk for accidental smothering
infant's age (incidence rises from zero at birth, is highest from two to four months, and declines towards zero at one year)
premature birth (increases risk of SIDS death by about 4 times. In 1995-1998 the U.S.SIDS rate for 3739 weeks of gestation was 0.73/1000; The SIDS rate for 2831 weeks of gestation was 2.39/1000)
anemia
Risk reduction for SIDS
Though SIDS cannot be prevented, parents of infants are encouraged to take several precautions in order to reduce the likelihood of SIDS.
Environment
Sleep positioning
Sleeping on the back has been recommended by (among others) the American Academy of Pediatrics (starting in 1992) to avoid SIDS, with the catchphrases "Back To Bed" and "Back to Sleep." The incidence of SIDS has fallen sharply in a number of countries in which the back to bed recommendation has been widely adopted, such as the US and New Zealand. However, the absolute incidence of SIDS prior to the Back to Sleep Campaign was already dropping in the US, from 1.511 per 1000 in 1979 to 1.301 per 1000 in 1991.
Among the theories supporting the Back to Sleep recommendation is the idea that small infants with little or no control of their heads may, while face down, inhale their exhaled breath (high in carbon dioxide) or smother themselves on their beddinghe brain-stem anomaly research (above) suggests that babies with that particular genetic makeup do not react "normally" by moving away from the pooled CO2, and thus smother. Another theory[citation needed] is that babies sleep more soundly when placed on their stomachs, and are unable to rouse themselves when they have an incidence of sleep apnea, which is thought to be common in infants.
Arguments against infant back-sleeping include concerns that an infant could choke on fluids it brings up. Hospital neonatal-intensive-care-unit (NICU) staff commonly place preterm newborns on their stomach, although they advise parents to place their infants on their backs after going home from the hospital.
Other concerns raised about the Back to Sleep Campaign have included the possible increased risk of positional facial and head deformities (see positional plagiocephaly), possible interference with development of good sleep habits (which in turn may have other bad effects), and possible interference with motor skills development (as infants delay attempts to lift their heads, crawl, etc.).
Breastfeeding
A 2003 study published in Pediatrics, which investigated racial disparities in infant mortality in Chicago, found that previously or currently breastfeeding infants in the study had 1/5 the rate of SIDS compared with non-breastfed infants, but that "it became nonsignificant in the multivariate model that included the other environmental factors". These results are consistent with most published reports and suggest that other factors associated with breastfeeding, rather than breastfeeding itself, are protective." However, a more recent study shows that breast feeding reduces the risk of SIDS by approximately 50% at all infant ages.
Co-sleeping
In nearly all incidences, the higher the rate of co-sleeping, the lower the rate of SIDS and vice versa. http://thebabybond.com/Cosleeping&SIDSFactSheet.html The data has suggested that almost all SIDS deaths in adult beds would be occurring when other prevention methods, such as placing infants on their backs, are not used. Co-sleeping studied in the West has been present mostly in poorer families where other risk factors are present. While co-sleeping in other cultures such as in China is more prevalent and is done in combination with practices such as sleeping children on their back, correlating with a significantly lower rate of SIDS than the West.Further studies have suggested that factors associated with safe co-sleeping such as enhanced infant arousals are responsible for a positive contribution to SIDS prevention.
A 2005 policy statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics on sleep environment and the risk of SIDS deemed co-sleeping and bed sharing unsafe. One article reports that co-sleeping infants have a greater risk of airway covering than when the same infant sleeps alone in a cot.
Secondhand smoke reduction
According to the U.S. Surgeon General Report, secondhand smoke is connected to SIDS. Infants who die from SIDS tend to have higher concentrations of nicotine and cotinine (a biological marker for secondhand smoke exposure) in their lungs than those who die from other causes. Infants exposed to secondhand smoke after birth are also at a greater risk of SIDS. Parents who smoke can significantly reduce their children's risk of SIDS by either quitting or smoking only outside and leaving their house completely smoke-free.
The maternal pregnancy smoking rate decreased by 38% between 1990 and 2002.
Sleeping area
Bedding
Product safety experts advise against using pillows, sleep positioners, bumper pads, stuffed animals, or fluffy bedding in the crib and recommend instead dressing the child warmly and keeping the crib "naked."
Blankets should not be placed over an infant's head. It has been recommended that infants should be covered only up to their chest with their arms exposed. This reduces the chance of the infant shifting the blanket over his or her head.[citation needed]
Sleep sacks
In colder environments where bedding is required to maintain a baby's body temperature, the use of a "baby sleep bag" or "sleep sack" is becoming more popular. This is a soft bag with holes for the baby's arms and head. A zipper allows the bag to be closed around the baby. A study published in the European Journal of Pediatrics in August 1998 has shown the protective effects of a sleep sack as reducing the incidence of turning from back to front during sleep, reinforcing putting a baby to sleep on its back for placement into the sleep sack and preventing bedding from coming up over the face which leads to increased temperature and carbon dioxide rebreathing. They conclude in their study "The use of a sleeping-sack should be particularly promoted for infants with a low birth weight." The American Academy of Pediatrics also recommends them as a type of bedding that warms the baby without covering its head.The use of swaddling clothes, a traditional form of infant restraint which leaves only the head uncovered, is controversial.
Pacifiers
According to a 2005 meta-analysis, most studies favor pacifier use. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, pacifier use seems to reduce the risk of SIDS, although the mechanism by which this happens is unclear. SIDS experts and policy makers haven't recommended the use of pacifiers to reduce the risk of SIDS because of several problems associated with pacifier use, like increased risk of otitis, gastrointestinal infections and oral colonization with Candida species. A 2005 study indicated that use of a pacifier is associated with up to a 90% reduction in the risk of SIDS depending on the ambient factors, and it reduced the effect of other risk factors. It has been speculated that the raised surface of the pacifier holds the infant's face away from the mattress, reducing the risk of suffocation. If a postmortem investigation does not occur or is insufficient, a suffocated baby may be misdiagnosed with SIDS.
Air circulation with fan use
According to a study of nearly 500 babies published the October 2008 Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, using a fan to circulate air correlates with a lower risk of sudden infant death syndrome. Researchers took into account other risk factors and found that fan use was associated with a 72% lower risk of SIDS. Only 3% of the babies who died had a fan on in the room during their last sleep, the mothers reported. That compared to 12% of the babies who lived. Using a fan reduced risk most for babies in poor sleeping environments. Author De-Kun li said that "the baby's sleeping environment really matters" and that "this seems to suggest that by improving room ventilation we can further reduce risk."
New link. A special, small fan for gentle, direct ventilation of the infants sleeping area, crib or bassinet.
Bumper pads
Bumper pads may be a contributing factor in SIDS deaths and should be removed. Health Canada, the Canadian government's health department, issued an advisory recommending against the use of bumper pads, stating:
The presence of bumper pads in a crib may also be a contributing factor for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). These products may reduce the flow of oxygen rich air to the infant in the crib. Furthermore, proposed theories indicate that the rebreathing of carbon dioxide plays a role in the occurrence of SIDS.
Speculated associations
A number of theoretical causes have been proposed as a trigger for SIDS, but many of them are unproven or have not been thoroughly studied and peer-reviewed. As of June 2009 there were 113 such articles found in Medical Hypotheses as cited in PubMed.
Anemia
Anemia is not a documented SIDS risk factor per se because at the moment of death the blood hemoglobin begins to degrade. This degradation can be slow or rapid and it shows up as livor mortis, the mottled and reddened coloring that can develop within 30 minutes of death. Because SIDS usually occurs during sleep and is unnoticed, the time interval between moment of death and autopsy is unknown so no correction can be made to the hemoglobin value measured postmortem to estimate the antemortem value immediately before death. However anemia is a risk factor for apparent-life-threatening-events (ALTE) as described by Poets et al. (1992) referred to above where anemia is listed as a postnatal risk factor.
Oxygen Deprivation
A 2003 Study showed that a common cause of death of infants is because parents/caretakers leave the child "face-down" on the bed. Making it so the child cannot breathe. A child at the age of 1 month to 6 months...does not have the muscle development to move their head...therefore it is benefical if they lay the child head up. In addition, an autopsy would not show necrotic tissue in any part of the body, due to oxygen deprivation. Due to the fact that the infant typically has more hemoglobin then the standard adult. Making their blood capable of "holding on" to more oxygen.
Mattress bugs
A 2004 study hypothesized that bugs feeding on baby vomit and dust could be fatal for small children, creating 'supertoxins' which spur the baby's body into overreacting, leading to anaphylactic shock.
Brain disorder
A recently published research article showed evidence that cells in the brainstem fail to develop receptors for serotonin in the womb. This abnormality can continue postpartum until the end of the first year. This would account for there being few to no SIDS deaths after the first year of infancy and the reason the risk is more for premature infants. Males have fewer serotonin receptors than females, perhaps contributing to the increased incidence of SIDS in the demographic.
In addition, a study was done in 2006. Showed that a possible cause of SIDS is because parents leave there infants in a position known as "Trendelenburg position." This position can cause the brain stem to fall...and in a result, the brain becomes "crushed." The proper poistion for an infant is either High Fowlers or Sims.
Vitamin C
In the 1970s, high doses of vitamin C were touted as a preventive measure for SIDS, although the claim was controversial even then. Subsequent study failed to support a preventive role for vitamin C in SIDS. To the contrary, a 2009 study found that high levels of vitamin C were strongly associated with SIDS, possibly through a pro-oxidant interaction with iron.
Toxic gases
In 1989, a controversial piece of research by UK Scientist Barry Richardson claimed that all cot deaths were the result of toxic nerve gases being produced through the action of fungus in mattresses on compounds of phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. These chemicals are frequently used to make mattresses fire-retardant.
A major plank in this explanation is the widely-observed phenomenon that the risk of cot death rises from one sibling to the next. Richardson claims that the cause is that parents are more likely to buy new bedding for their first child, and to re-use that bedding for later children. The more frequently used the bedding is, the more chance there will be that fungus has become resident in the material; thus, a higher chance of cot death. A paper by Peter Fleming and Peter Blair references evidence from other studies that both supports and refutes the increasing occurrence of SIDS with mattress sharing and suggests that this is still inconclusive.
Dr. Jim Sprott recommends new parents either buy bedding free of the toxic compounds or to wrap the mattresses in a barrier film to prevent the escape of the gases. Sprott claims that no case of cot death has ever been traced back to a properly manufactured or wrapped mattress.
However, a final report of The Expert Group to Investigate Cot Death Theories: Toxic Gas Hypothesis, published in May 1998, concluded that "there was no evidence to substantiate the toxic gas hypothesis that antimony- and phosphorus-containing compounds used as fire retardants in PVC and other cot mattress materials are a cause of SIDS. Neither was there any evidence to believe that these chemicals could pose any other health risk to infants." The report also states that "in normal cot-like conditions it is not possible to generate toxic gas from antimony in mattresses" and "babies have also been found to die on wrapped mattresses."
Contrary to media publicity, the 1998 UK Limerick Report did not disprove the toxic gas theorys a highly qualified environmental scientist has stated in the New Zealand Medical Journal. In fact, the Limerick Committee's experiments proved the fungal generation of toxic gases (forms of stibine and arsine) from cot mattress materials.
According to Dr. Sprott, as of 2006, the New Zealand government has not reported any SIDS deaths when babies have slept on mattresses wrapped according to his method. While the Limerick report claims that babies have been found to die on wrapped mattresses, Dr. Sprott argues that a chemical analysis of the bedding should be performed. He additionally claims that this part of the report was flawed:
In February 2000 Dr Peter Fleming (a co-author of the Limerick Report and principal author of the UK CESDI Report) conceded that the claim that three babies in the United Kingdom had died of cot death on polythene-covered mattresses could not be substantiated.
Central Respiratory Pattern Deficiency
There is ongoing research in the pediatric/neonatal community that has begun to associate apnea-like breathing cessations in animal models with unusual neural architecture or signal transduction in central pattern generator circuits including the pre-Btzinger complex. It is possible that irregularities in neurotransmitter release (such as GABA, adenosine, and NMDA) or deficiencies in their associated receptors (including both GABAA, GABAB subtypes and NMDA-glutamate receptors) are linked to incomplete prenatal development as is evident in pre-term infants.[citation needed]
Cervical spinal injury from birth trauma
During birth, if the infant's head is traumatically turned side to side, upper cervical spinal injury can result. Difficulty breathing is a classic sign of upper spinal cord and brain-stem injury. When infants with undiagnosed upper cervical spinal cord injury are continually placed on their stomach for sleep, they are forced to turn their head to the side to breathe. This is hypothesised to aggravate and prolong the spinal cord injury sustained during birth, preventing proper healing and ultimately leading to fatal breathing difficulty.[citation needed]
Sex
There is a consistent 50% male excess in SIDS per 1000 live births of each sex. Given a 5% male excess birth rate (105 male to 100 female live births) there appear to be 3.15 male SIDS per 2 female SIDS for a male fraction of 0.61. This value of 61% in the U.S. is an average of 57% black male SIDS, 62.2% white male SIDS and 59.4% for all other races combined. Note that when multiracial parentage is involved, infant "race" is arbitrarily assigned to one category or the other; most often it is chosen by the mother. The X-linkage hypothesis for SIDS and the male excess in infant mortality have shown that the 50% male excess could be related to a dominant X-linked allele that occurs with a frequency of that is protective of transient cerebral anoxia. An unprotected XY male would occur with a frequency of and an unprotected XX female would occur with a frequency of 49. The ratio of to 49 is 1.5 to 1 which matches the observed male 50% excess rate of SIDS.
Although many authors have found autosomal and mitochondrial genetic risk factors for SIDS they cannot explain the male excess because such gene loci have the same frequencies for males and females. Supporting evidence for an X-linkage is found by examination of other causes of infant respiratory death, such as suffocation by inhalation of food and other foreign objects. Although food is prepared identically for male and female infants, there is a similar 50% male excess of death from such causes indicating that males are more susceptible to the cerebral anoxia created by such incidents in exactly the same proportion as found in SIDS.
The study which indicated that there was a relationship between fewer serotonin binding sites and SIDS noted that the boys "had significantly fewer serotonin binding sites than girls." However, such neurological prematurity decreases with age, but the male fraction of approximately 0.61 persists each month throughout the first year of life. Furthermore, this cannot explain the identical male fraction of 0.61 in other respiratory mortality causes such as respiratory distress syndrome or suffocation from inhalation of food or foreign objects cited above, that also exists for all ages 1 to 14 years in the U.S. from 1979 to 2005.
Child abuse
Several instances of infanticide have been uncovered where the diagnosis was originally SIDS. This has led some researchers to estimate that 5% to 20% of SIDS deaths are infanticides. In 1997 The New York Times, covering a book called The Death of Innocents: A True Story of Murder, Medicine and High-Stakes Science, wrote:
The misdiagnosis of infanticide as SIDS "happens all over," Ms. Talan, a medical reporter at Newsday, said. "A lot of doctors and police don't know how to handle it. They don't take it as seriously as they should." As a result of the book's revelations, people are starting to scrutinize possible cases of this "perfect crime," which involves no physical evidence and no witnesses.
A former pediatrician Roy Meadow from United Kingdom believes that many cases diagnosed as SIDS are really the result of child abuse on the part of a parent displaying Munchausen syndrome by proxy (a condition which he was first to describe, in 1977). During the 1990s and early 2000s, a number of mothers of multiple apparent SIDS victims were convicted of murder, to varying degrees on the basis of Meadow's opinion. In 2003 a number of high-profile acquittals brought Meadow's theories into disrepute. Several hundred murder convictions were reviewed, leading to several high-profile cases being re-opened and convictions overturned.
The Royal Statistical Society issued a media release refuting the expert testimony in one UK case in which the conviction was subsequently overturned.
Nitrogen dioxide
A 2005 study by researchers at the University of California, San Diego found that "SIDS may be related to high levels of acute outdoor NO2 exposure during the last day of life." While nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure may be one of many possible risk factors, it is not considered causal, and the report cautioned that further studies were needed to replicate the result.
Vaccination
According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, several studies have failed to provide sufficient evidence of a causal link between vaccinations and SIDS. They state:
From 2 to 4 months old, babies begin their primary course of vaccinations. This is also the peak age for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The timing of these two events has led some people to believe they might be related. However, studies have concluded that vaccines are not a risk factor for SIDS.
Inner ear damage
Records of hearing tests (oto-acoustic emissions, OAEs) administered to certain infants show that those who later died of SIDS had differences in the pattern of these tests compared with normal babies. To be specific the OAE signal to noise ratio was reduced in the right ear in the SIDS babies. (Rubens DD et al Early Human Development 84, 225-9 (2008)) . It should be noted this was a small study (n=31 cases and 31 controls), had serious limitations (several significant factors were not controlled), and has been criticised from various perspectives. The authors' suggestion for the cause of SIDS is that the deaths are caused by disturbances in respiratory control (from other than suffocation). The vestibular apparatus of the inner ear has been shown to play an important role in respiratory control during sleep. It is speculated that this inner ear damage could be linked to SIDS. It is speculated that the damage occurs during delivery, particularly when prolonged contractions create greater blood pressure in the placenta. The right ear is directly in the "line of fire" for blood entering the fetus from the placenta, and thus could be most susceptible to damage. If the findings are relevant, it may be possible to take corrective measures. Researchers are beginning animal studies to explore the connection.
Side effects of SIDS risk reduction recommendations
Dr. Rafael Pelayo from Stanford University and a number of other pediatric sleep researchers in the U.S. have stated that they believe that the American Academy of Pediatrics' recommendations regarding cosleeping and pacifier use may have unintended consequences. They have stated that the SIDS prevention strategy of the American Academy of Pediatrics which keeps infants at a low arousal threshold and reduces the time in quiet sleep may be unhealthy for children. They state that slow wave sleep is the most restorative form of sleep and limiting this sleep in the first 12 months of life may have unintended consequences to both the sleep and the infant.
According to a 1998 study by British researchers that compared back sleeping infants to stomach sleeping infants there were developmental differences at 6 months of age between the two groups. At 6 months of age the stomach sleeping infants had higher gross motor scores, social skills scores, and total development skills scores than the back sleeping infants. The differences were apparent at the 5% statistical significant level. But, at 18 months the differences were no longer apparent. The researchers deemed the lower development scores of back sleeping infants at 6 months of age to be transient and stated that they do not believe the back sleeping recommendations should be changed. Other scientists have stated that the conclusion that the negative effects of back sleep at 18 months of age is transient is based upon very little evidence and that no long-term randomized trials have been completed.
Other side effects of the back sleeping position include increased rates of shoulder retraction, positional plagiocephaly, and positional torticollis. Some scientists dispute that plagiocephaly is a negative side effect. Dr. Peter Fleming, who is co-author of the study that deemed delays at 6 months of age to be transient, has stated that he does not think plagiocephaly is a negative side effect of back sleep. In an interview with the Guardian Dr. Fleming stated "I do not think it is a medical problemt is more of a cosmetic one. Mothers may feel it is a syndrome and a problem when it really is nonsense." A research study on children with plagiocephaly found that 26% had mild to severe psychomotor delay. This study also showed that 10% of infants with plagiocephaly had mild to severe mental development delay.
Because of the delays caused by back sleep some medical professionals have suggested that the "normal" ages at which children had previously attained developmental milestones should be pushed back. This would enable medical professionals to consider "normal" children who previously were considered developmentally delayed.
Additional studies have reported that the following negative conditions are associated with the back sleep position: increase in sleep apnea, decrease in sleep duration, strabismus, social skills delays, deformational plagiocephaly, and temporomandibular jaw difficulties. In addition, the following are symptoms that are associated with sleep apnea: growth abnormalities, failure to thrive syndrome in infants, neurocognitive abnormalities, daytime sleepiness, emotional problems, decrease in memory, decrease in learning, and a delay in nonverbal skills. The conditions associated with deformational plagiocephaly include visual impairments, cerebral dysfunction, delays in psychomotor development and decreases in mental functioning. The conditions associated with gross motor milestone delays include speech and language disorders. In addition, it has been hypothesized that delays in motor skills can have a negative impact on the development of social skills. In addition, other studies have reported that the prone position prevents subluxation of the hips, increases psychomotor development, prevents scoliosis, lessens the risk of gastroesophageal reflux, decreases infant screaming periods, causes less fatigue in infants, and increases the relief of infant colic. In addition, prior to the ack to Sleep campaign many babies self-treated their own torticollis by turning their heads from one side to the other while sleeping in the prone position. Supine sleeping infants cannot self-treat their own torticollis.
Further reading
Joan Hodgman; Toke Hoppenbrouwers (2004). SIDS. Calabasas, Calif: Monte Nido Press. ISBN 0-9742663-0-2.
Notes
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^ van Gestel, Josephus Petrus Johannes; Monique Pauline Loir, Maartje ten Berge, Nicolaas Johannes Georgius Jansen, and Frans Berend Pltz (6 December 2002). "Risks of Ancient Practices in Modern Times" (in English) (html). Pediatrics 110 (6): e78. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/110/6/e78. Retrieved 12/15/2009.
^ Gerard, Claudia M.; Kathleen A. Harris and Bradley T. Thach (6 December 2002). "Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Movement and Quiet Sleep" (in English) (html). Pediatrics 110 (6): e70. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/110/6/e70. Retrieved 12/15/2009.
^ Franco, P; Scaillet S, Groswasser J, Kahn A. (December 2004). "Increased cardiac autonomic responses to auditory challenges in swaddled infants" (in English) (pdf). Sleep. http://www.journalsleep.org/Articles/270811.pdf. Retrieved 12/15/2009.
^ Short MA, Brooks-Brunn JA, Reeves DS, Yeager J, Thorpe JA (June 1996). "The effects of swaddling versus standard positioning on neuromuscular development in very low birth weight infants". Neonatal Netw 15 (4): 2531. PMID 8716525.
^ "Fig 4. Meta-analysis of studies examining the relationship of a pacifier used during the last sleep in SIDS victims versus controls". American Academy of Pediatrics. http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;116/5/1245/F4. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
^ a b "The Changing Concept of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Diagnostic Coding Shifts, Controversies Regarding the Sleeping Environment, and New Variables to Consider in Reducing Risk". American Academy of Pediatrics. http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;116/5/1245#SEC6. Retrieved 2008-11-06.
^ Li DK, Willinger M, Petitti DB, Odouli R, Liu L, Hoffman HJ (2006). "Use of a dummy (pacifier) during sleep and risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): population based case-control study". BMJ 332 (7532): 1822. doi:10.1136/bmj.38671.640475.55. PMID 16339767.
^ Coleman-Phox K, Odouli R, Li DK (October 2008). "Use of a fan during sleep and the risk of sudden infant death syndrome". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 162 (10): 9638. doi:10.1001/archpedi.162.10.963. PMID 18838649. http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/162/10/963.
^ Carla K. Johnson (Associated Press writer) (2008-09-08). "Fan use linked to lower risk of sudden baby death". Toronto Star. http://www.parentcentral.ca/parent/article/513143. Retrieved 2008-11-09. , also in Live Science
^ "Policy Statement for Bumper Pads in Cribs - Consumer Product Safety". http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/cps-spc/legislation/pol/bumper-bordure_e.html. Retrieved 2007-06-27.
^ Gizela BA (2001). "Postmortem hemoglobin concentration changing in Sprague-Dawley white mouse" (in Indonesian). Berkala Ilmu Kedokteran 33: 20710.
^ Sherburn RE, Jenkins RO (September 2004). "Cot mattresses as reservoirs of potentially harmful bacteria and the sudden infant death syndrome". FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 42 (1): 7684. doi:10.1016/j.femsim.2004.06.011. PMID 15325400. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0928-8244&date=2004&volume=42&issue=1&spage=76.
^ Kalokerinos A, Dettman G (July 1976). "Sudden death in infancy syndrome in Western Australia". Med. J. Aust. 2 (1): 312. PMID 979792.
^ Donovan J (September 1979). "Vitamin C and cot death: where is the evidence?". Med. J. Aust. 2 (6): 311. PMID 522763.
^ Holborow P (April 1980). "Sudden infant death syndrome". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33 (4): 7301. PMID 7361687. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/reprint/33/4/730. "There has been some controversy about the role of Vitamin C in cot death.".
^ Cheraskin E (October 1995). "Vitamin C, smoking and SIDS". J R Soc Health 115 (5): 332. PMID 7473510.
^ Dick A, Ford R (November 2009). "Cholinergic and oxidative stress mechanisms in sudden infant death syndrome". Acta Paediatr. 98 (11): 176875. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01476.x. PMID 19706020.
^ "Cot Life 2000 aims to eliminate cot". Cotlife2000.co.nz. http://www.cotlife2000.co.nz/. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
^ See FSID Press release.
^ cotlife2000.co.nz Errors and fallacies in the UK Limerick Report: an overview, Cot Life 2000
^ Katz DM (2005). "Regulation of respiratory neuron development by neurotrophic and transcriptional signaling mechanisms". Respiratory physiology & neurobiology 149 (1-3): 99109. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2005.02.007. PMID 16203214.
^ ICPA - SIDS Research
^ See http://wonder.cdc.gov and http://www3.who.int/whosis/menu.cfm?path=whosis,inds,mort&language=english for data on SIDS by gender in the U.S. and throughout the world.
^ Mage DT, Donner EM (September 2004). "The fifty percent male excess of infant respiratory mortality". Acta Paediatr. 93 (9): 12105. doi:10.1080/08035250410031305. PMID 15384886. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0803-5253&date=2004&volume=93&issue=9&spage=1210.
^ See the data found at http://wonder.cdc.gov for 9ICD 911-912 and 10ICD W79-W80 for death rates from inhalation of food and foreign objects by sex.
^ Osmond C, Murphy M (October 1988). "Seasonality in the sudden infant death syndrome". Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2 (4): 33745. PMID 3072532.
^ Glatt, John (2000). Cradle of Death: A Shocking True Story of a Mother, Multiple Murder, and SIDS. Macmillan. ISBN 0312973020.
^ Havill, Adrian (2002). While Innocents Slept: A Story of Revenge, Murder, and SIDS. Macmillan. ISBN 0312975171,.
^ Spinelli, Margaret (2003). Infanticide: Psychosocial and Legal Perspectives on Mothers Who Kill. American Psychiatric Pub. p. 27. ISBN 1585620971,.
^ Stanton J, Simpson A (December 2001). "Murder misdiagnosed as SIDS: a perpetrator's perspective". Arch Dis Child. 85 (6): 4549. doi:10.1136/adc.85.6.454. PMID 11719326. PMC 1719021. http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11719326.
^ Emery JL (October 1993). "Child abuse, sudden infant death syndrome, and unexpected infant death". Am J Dis Child. 147 (10): 1097100. PMID 8213682.
^ "Investigation of SIDS". N Engl J Med. 315 (26): 16757. December 1986. PMID 3785340.
^ Carol Strickland (1997-10-19). "Investigating a Rash of SIDS Deaths, Exposing Infanticide". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9A06EED9163FF93AA25753C1A961958260. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
^ "About Statistics and the Law" (Website). Royal Statistical Society. (2001-10-23) Retrieved on 2007-09-22
^ Klonoff-Cohen H, Lam PK, Lewis A (July 2005). "Outdoor carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sudden infant death syndrome". Arch Dis Child. 90 (7): 7503. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.057091. PMID 15970620.
^ Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and Vaccines http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/Concerns/sids_faq.html
^ Thomas H. Maugh II (2007) ([dead link] Scholar search). Hearing loss may foretell SIDS risk. http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-sids28jul28,1,2214491.story?track=rss.
^ Alastruey J, Sherwin SJ, Parker KH, Rubens DD (July 2009). "Placental transfusion insult in the predisposition for SIDS: a mathematical study". Early Hum. Dev. 85 (7): 4559. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.04.001. PMID 19446412. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378-3782(09)00060-7.
^ Pelayo R, Owens J, Mindell J, Sheldon S (March 2006). "Bed sharing with unimpaired parents is not an important risk for sudden infant death syndrome: to the editor". Pediatrics 117 (3): 9934; author reply 9946. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2748. PMID 16510694. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/117/3/993.pdf.
^ Pelligra R, Doman G, Leisman G (July 2005). "A reassessment of the SIDS Back to Sleep Campaign". Scientific World Journal 5: 5507. doi:10.1100/tsw.2005.71. PMID 16075152. http://cgi.thescientificworld.co.uk/cgi-bin/processHtml.pl?Id=2005.03.71.html&format=Dreamweaver.
^ a b Jones MW (2004). "Supine and Prone Infant Positioning: A Winning Combination". J Perinat Educ 13 (1): 1020. doi:10.1624/105812404X109357. PMID 17273371.
^ Carter H, "Flat Out" - The Guardian: Tuesday July 8, 2003.
^ Kordestani RK, Patel S, Bard DE, Gurwitch R, Panchal J (January 2006). "Neurodevelopmental delays in children with deformational plagiocephaly". Plast Reconstr Surg. 117 (1): 20718; discussion 21920. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000185604.15606.e5. PMID 16404269. http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?an=00006534-200601000-00032.
^ Stevens P, "The Flip Side of Back to Sleep", The O&P Edge.
^ von Hofsten C (June 2004). "An action perspective on motor development". Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 8 (6): 26672. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.04.002. PMID 15165552. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364661304001019.
^ Sigmundsson H, Haga M (October 2000). "[Children and motor competence]" (in Norwegian). Tidsskr. Nor. Laegeforen. 120 (25): 304850. PMID 11109395.
^ Graham JM, Gomez M, Halberg A, et al. (February 2005). "Management of deformational plagiocephaly: repositioning versus orthotic therapy". J. Pediatr. 146 (2): 25862. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.10.016. PMID 15689920.
^ Lewak N. "Book Review: SIDS". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158 (4): 405. http://archpedi.highwire.org/cgi/content/full/158/4/405.
1989 "Sleep and Arousal Synchrony of Co-Sleeping Human Mother-Infant Pairs: Implications for the Study of SIDS." Fourth World Congress of Infant Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines (poster session). Lugano, Switzerland. Presented also at 58th Annual Meeting, American Association of P... About the Author
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a problem or security risk at your home would be, a stranger ringing your bell an offering a service you either never heard of or did not ask for. Many elderly fall victim to this scam. The benefit of having a security camera outside of your home would be that the stranger would think they are being videoed and most likely just go to another home to try the scam. Fake or dummy cameras work fine as long as they are real looking. Remember buying a dummy camera is to save money but buying the cheapest model might not help deter anyone if it looks fake.
Obviously a real camera has much more benefits. With a real camera you can see who is at the door without even opening it. There are a few different types of security cameras, wired cameras, wireless cameras, ip cameras, ptz cameras, motion detecting cameras, and night vision cameras. I will try to explain each type in plain English. First is a wired camera. Simply a wired camera means you will have to run a wire to either a recording device, such as a dvr or run a wire to a monitor. These wired cameras are usually less expensive but make sure you can easily run and conceal the wire. After all if I can see the wire I can cut the wire. Second is a wireless camera. Wireless means wireless, mount the camera and you're done. Well sort of, you will have to purchase a wireless camera and a wireless receiver. The camera will speak to the wireless receiver. The wireless receiver is what gets plugged into your DVR *Digital Video Recorder) or monitor. Third is the IP camera. This is my favorite type of security camera. The reason is that with an IP camera you can set it up anywhere and monitor it from any computer (with internet access) in the world. This is an ideal camera if you have a routine work schedule or you travel often. The newer IP cameras are also compatible with many cell phones such as the Apple IPhone and the Motorola Droid. Several new model phones are coming with this compatibility feature. So to sum up you can view your home from your office, the library or on your mobile phone. This is the safest way to discover a burglar in your house, you won't even be there. The rest of the types of cameras I listed are PTZ, Motion Detecting, and Night Vision cameras. These are actually features you can get on any of the three camera types listed above. PTZ is short for pan, tilt, zoom. Simply with a remote controller you can pan, move camera side to side. You can tilt; move the camera up and down. And you can zoom. Motion detection is a nice feature to have on a home security camera; this allows the recording to be activated only when there is motion in the home. This feature is great for nanny cameras, or to save space on your hard drive. If you do not want to invest in a DVR you can record to your home computer and motion activation will save you allot of hard drive space. Night vision is a very important feature to have in a security camera. After all when do most crimes happen? At night of course. The main things to look for in a night vision camera are the amount of infrared lights it has. For example a cheap model night vision camera might have 12 infrared lights and you will get a very grainy picture making it very difficult to make identification on the criminal difficult. I recommend at least 24 infrared lights on a camera.
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Hunting Dogs: Essential Training Equipment and Information
Producing a "finished" hunting dog, one that will perform the tasks of pointing out game or retrieving game, is not a simple matter. In some cases, it can take several hunting seasons and specialized training equipment to achieve the desired results.
It would be ludicrous to begin training a dog to perform hunting skills without first teaching it basic obedience. Your dog must be able to sit, stay, remain quite and come on demand before moving into the more complex areas of the hunt. The success of the hunt, as well as the safety of the dog and its handler, is directly correlated to the dog's performance and self control. For example, an unruly dog that barks at incoming geese will not only spoil the hunt, but will not be invited back again. Further, a dog that bolts out of a blind too quickly can jeopardize a shot and even cause a shooting accident. Control is most essential.
When the hunter is ready to begin training his dog for the hunt, there is a variety of equipment that will prove valuable. Probably the first and most essential item is a piece of 3/8-inch polypropylene rope of about 30 feet in length. The rope allows the handler to maintain control of his dog during exercises and eliminates the chance of having to chase the dog and correct him for straying.
Most dogs have a natural fear of loud noises, especially gunfire. Therefore, the trainer will have to involve a training pistol or firearm in his training program. A handgun is preferable; a shotgun is too large and difficult to handle while holding the lead line and juggling other training devices. When training the retriever, training "bumpers" or dummies are utilized to teach the dog to fetch. These aides come in various colors and sizes. White bumpers are generally used for "marking" drills where the dog is being taught to retrieve by sight and colored bumpers are used for "running blinds" where the dog is sent blindly into an area to retrieve a downed bird that fell out of sight.
The retriever should be trained to respond to the sound of a whistle. The voice of the dog's handler will not always be loud enough or distinct enough to alert the dog to give up the search and return to the handler's side. Some of the more elaborate whistles come with built-in megaphones that allow the sound to be heard more easily and direct the blaring sound away from the hunter(s). They are usually well worth the extra cost.
Some trainers will use a friend or "bird boys" who position themselves some distance from the trainer and toss the bumpers high into the air to simulate a falling bird. For those who train without assistance, bird launchers are a big help. These launchers come in single or multiple bird capacity; however, they are usually bulky and can be expensive.
Electric dog training collars are effective but controversial. These collars have a small electronic device attached that administers a remote controlled mild electric shock to the dog. The control is hand held by the trainer. These pieces of equipment allow an immediate correction when the dog fails to respond to the more conventional command. The level of shock involved has been compared to the static shock one receives from a carpet or from touching a car door handle in cold weather. Actually, the electric collar could be considered a humane alternative to the aggressive tactics or brute force used by some trainers.
One of the best ways to embark on training your hunting dog is learn from the experts. Training tips and guidelines are now available on tapes that show the student step by step training procedures. These instructional tapes should be on every novice trainer's list of essential training equipment.
When you're training your dog in the wilds you should be prepared to care for him if he is injured. Therefore, the final thing on our list of essentials is a First Aid Kit. Many of the items you'll need for your dog are also appropriate for use on humans, so the kit can be mutually beneficial to both you and your dog. Fill the kit with such items as: sterile bandages, topical solutions, tape, scissors, tweezers, antibiotic ointments such as Neosporin, ibuprofen (safe for both humans and canines) and possibly a veterinarian prescribed anti-inflammatory such as Deramaxx or Rimadly. A well stocked First Aid Kit has prevented many a pleasant hunting trip from becoming a nightmare.
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