[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] [simplecontent lang="" source="flickr"]potty training for dummies[/simplecontent] Do you think that parents want there babies to grow up too quickly?
My daughters two years 2 months and she still has a bottle of milk for bedtimes and in the mornings. She finds comfort in this little blanket she takes everywhere. shes doesn't have a dummy and she still not ready for potty training yet although she is showing an interest in her potty. She has only been moved into a bed recently and i felt she was not ready for the move from cot to bed.
Anyhow my question is do you think parents are always pushing there children to grow up to quickly. for example putting them in a bed far too early and weaning them off bottles too early? is there any great rush, people think i'm not moving her on to "older things" and still treating her like a baby~? what you think?
That bottle should have been out of her mouth a year ago. Having a bottle in bed, can cause tooth decay. Put her on a sippy cup mom. Let her keep the blanket. If she's showing interest in potty training, then by all means potty train her. No I don't think parents want their children to grow up quickly. Quit treating her like a little baby. She's perfectly capable of doing things for herself. All of my children were off of the bottle by 12 months. By the time they were two, they were in a twin sized bed with a rail on the side. It's time to let her grow up mom. You can't keep her a baby forever.
Potty Training for dummies
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Email Marketing For Idiots: One Simple Tip That Will Make Over $768 Per Day Extra - Even If You Have No List
Email Marketing For Idiots: One Simple Tip That Will Make Over $768 Per Day Extra - Even If You Have No List Combing The Power Of Google Adsense And Email Marketing
Most family create a site, slap some optimism also then wait in that people to click on their ads.But once people click on an ad, they are gone . . . .casual forever!One method that comprehending Internet marketers use to maximize their Google Adsense is to harness the power of their email list. Visit here nowhttp://googleadsense-ebooks.blogspot.com
By getting people to buy to their list, website owners charge continue to found money from their readers.By utilizing the power of their email list, website owners can dramatically increase their Adsense income.Here is how you can do the unbroken. In the successive article, there is a step-by-step guide of how you can harness the power of your list to create a matching stream of Adsense revenue.
The first tread is to create a topic that is domination high quiz. A good topic would copy something that relatives credit an interest in, or information that can help your readers personally or financially.Your next action would be to make content for your section. The idea is to write or help info that would lock up effect to the orator. complete your articles should assistance improve their works in some manner. You responsibility initiate content for your site effect a great numbers of ways. This can include:· Your own web article· Guides, product evaluations, and "How To's"
· Blogs and RSS Feeds · state domain response · symbolic superscription rights
· Hiring a freelancer to write your content Obviously creating content for your site is an flowering process, accordingly once you've created at inceptive 10 pages of quality information for your readers, you should create your web pages and optimize them for Google Adsense.As you are crafty your pages for Adsense, you should alimony one thing in mind- Your primary zero is to produce folks to drift on your Adsense ads.So don't apportion your readers plenty many options. As a result, it is central to keep your mesh page simple. To deliver this, you should secure rack up the following:
· fix the body on the trellis page · Ad all three Adsense blocks dominion bigger places
· Make unambiguous that the ad blocks look like standard text, with the no borders and melancholy links
· If you have to have other links on this page, include them at the bottom where there is a less chance of in that clicked on After designing your web pages, you need to create an autoresponder sequel for your email list. The primary focus for each email is to get people to click on your Google Adsense pages. So it is important to create again astonishing title. Then in the email, write a little vigor about the accent of the article besides tell your subscribers how they can learn more by clicking whereas to the site.Once you've created your sequence of bringing readers to your Adsense pages, you should start promoting your lists.
You can do this by articles, PPC, ebooks, viral marketing and SEO. The more people usually makin's additional money, so you reckon on to continuously work at marketing your website.Once you have experienced creating your Adsense and email system, you should go back and perdure to constitute more delight and market your site. By having a large finding of information and supplementary readers, you'll discover that your Google Adsense income leave grow exponentially.This is my blog. If you are seriously interested in production money online you shoud buy it out: Visit here nowhttp://googleadsense-ebooks.blogspot.com
About the Author
Idiots Guide To Ecommerce Success!
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The "... for Dummies" range continues to be a huge success with readers and their 3 titles about Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) are excellent as you would expect.
1. Neuro Lingustic Programming for Dummies 2. Neuro Lingustic Programming for Dummies: Workbook 3. Business NLP for Dummies
Neuro Lingustic Programming for Dummies contains the practical tools needed for greater personal power and effectiveness. They will enable you to transform your thinking so that you will be equipped to tackle any situation - at work, home or within. Neuro-linguistic Programming (NLP) is a commonsense system of everyday psychology that has enhanced million of lives around the world. This book will show you how to monitor and adapt your thinking. NLP can help you break free from those negative thoughts that may be holding you back and help you create more positive inner beliefs. Within the page of this book you will discover the secrets to: recognising the way you manage emotional states, break away from bad habits, help you become a more confident presenter and communicator, assist you with building rapport with people, to live in harmony with others, gain a greater understanding of what makes high achievers so successful. The workbook which is available to purchase separately is stuffed full with practical hands-on exercises and easy to follow techniques to help you make the most of NLP's toolkit for new thinking and personal change. Take your understanding of NLP to the next level, and reap the benefits. Business NLP for Dummies – contains the information required for you to achieve business success with Neuro Linguistic Programming. People all the world use NLP to improve their communication skills, build rapport, make positive changes and accomplish their goals. When used within a business context, NLP techniques can transform both your own and your team's performances. This practical guide to NLP at work will help you increase your flexibility, become more influential and achieve professional success. This book is relevant whatever your chosen career. *Use NLP techniques in the workplace – overcome barriers to success and develop a winning mindset * Build effective working relationships – improve your communication skills and create rapport with your colleagues * Lead people to perform – enhance your ability to inspire peak performance * Make changes that drive success – set and achieve ambitious goals Final note: The NLP Dummies books are reasonably priced and exceptionally good value for money.
About the Author
Check out 2 great web resources for NLP product comparisons and more information about this ever increasingly popular area of interest.
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Have you been wondering how to give the top-notch look to your store? You tried everything but are still somewhat discontent. Here comes the solution: Cut-outs. You want people to fix their eyes on your shop; you want them to stop and notice. However plain and conventional methods of advertising failed to yield any results. Well, to grab the attention of customers, model shapes really work. Obviously one can't have live models displaying products for your shop. And, dummies are commonplace. So there arises the need to do something different; and moving in the same direction-- these model-look-alike shapes carved out nicely on the glass window are just foolproof.
Not only model patterns, even product patterns affixed on the glass doors/window look cool. For an example, if you deal into denim jeans, you can get a cut-out of the jeans in trend and put it on the window with some catchy text. Such innovative display ideas are sufficient to make buzz. Especially keeping in the age-group and needs of the customer in mind, one can adopt different shapes/images. Leave alone the window-dressing lightened-up booths with a big cut-out fixed on it, standing in front of your shop render classy look. By employing such catchy devices, one can boost the sales.
However, other advertising tools have their own importance. Leaflets, brochures, print ads hold significance. Most importantly, banners are very crucial in the process of advertising. With having wonderful designs on the market, Banner Stands have also proved to be an add-on to the visual effect of stores. Elegant display boards showcasing the right visual/posture can surely lure customers. Similarly, light effect plays a vital role in giving the final touches to the looks of your store. A well-lit store is easy to be noticed and hence it strikes customers instantly.
One should devise various means to attract customers. To give ads in print and giving pamphlets to people may be a great idea but it is not sufficient. That doesn't help in catching instant attention. Through those mediums people might know that you exist but that would not suffice to tempt people to come into your shop. Even if you give ads regularly in print, to meet the customers' expectation, you have to work hard on the visual effect of your store. Customers who read something about your shop instantly develop an image about you; and if your store is not that attractive, it can turn out to be a fiasco. Therefore, it's extensively important to embellish your store to beat the tough competition in the market. And cut-outs can furnish that different and striking look to your shop.
Interchange is the wholesale price (also called discount rate, fee and variations thereof) charged by Visa U.S.A. and MasterCard Worldwide for authorization and settlement of a credit card transaction. For example, a merchant is charged 3.5% of $10.00 is 35 cents. About 80% of those 35 cents (about 28 cents) goes to the issuing bank. The remaining 20% (7cents) is divided among Visa or MasterCard, the processor and the merchant level salesperson (MLS), if there is one. American Express Co., Discover Financial Services, LLC, Diners Club, Inc. and JCB International Credit Card Co., Ltd. Is not part of interchange.
Categorization factors:
• Merchant's industry type: fast food, colleges, warehouses, gas station, Internet merchants, catalog merchants, for instance.
• Type of card processed: traditional credit cards, corporate, rewards based purchasing or check cards.
• How a card is processed: swiped or keyed-in, present or not present.
Bundling and who it's for:
• Bundles categories make it easier for merchants and MLSs to understand the different rate types and how they apply to different merchant Sizes. Small-volume merchants have a comparatively small number of card transactions. These merchants usually will not fall into one of the specialized categories, so bundling makes sense for them.
Bundling or rates also may mean that some or the entire transaction fee is eliminated. For a merchant with few downgrades, bundling often provides the same bottom line as if the merchant had been quoted and set up with every available category.
• Large-volume merchants: These merchants may have more to gain by having an unbundled rate or an "Interchange plus pricing" deal. Each transaction is processed at the best available category. Large-volume merchants who are trained to process their card transactions correctly and are set up properly can ensure that every transaction qualifies for the best available category.
What is downgrading?
Transactions are downgraded when they don't meet interchange requirements, such as not capturing the correct card information at the POS, settling the transaction after a deadline as lapsed or key-entering rather than swiping a card. A downgraded transaction means higher cost for the merchant.
What is AVS?
In an effort to combat fraud that results from non-face-to-face transactions, Visa and MasterCard created the AVS, which attempts to verify the address and zip code of the credit card customer. Whenever a card is key-entered, the processing system should be set up to prompt the merchant to enter the billing ZIP code (for cardholder's billing address) and the numerical portion of the address of the cardholder.
If this information matches the card issuing bank's records, the system will qualify that transaction for an AVS rate category. (Visa also looks for an invoice number.)
Other factors
Transaction qualification is influenced by many factors. Merchants must not only be aware of these factors, but must also understand which factors supersede others. In many cases, the only way to truly know how merchants can minimize interchange costs is to critically examine their bankcard statements.
Going through this analysis with your merchant can be a lengthy process and will require the cooperation of the processor. However, the cost savings to the merchant can make the effort worthwhile.
About the Author
C. J. & Tuck Consulting, LLC owns and operates http://www.cashflownow.org . We specialize in Electronic Payment Processing Services and offer a complete package of electronic payment processing solutions. We offer merchant accounts ( http://www.cashflownow.org/merchantcards.htm ). For more information, contact: Pat A. McDavitt, Sole Manager of C. J. & Tuck Consulting, LLC Telephone: 512-837-1358 Fax: 512-837-0345
Suples Wrestling Dummies
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[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] Modelling a (dummy) phone Help with choice of materials and techniques?
Hello. I have a bit of problem here. I need to make a dummy mobile phone for my industrial design course in university. I don't have any access to machines, like lathes, saws ar anything like that at all. I heard that there is such version of clay you can get that even after you dry it, you can shape it, like carve out of it, drill holes in it or whatever. Anyone can help me with choice of materials or technique that I can use here? Thank you
Try using sculpey. It is inexpensive and you can get it in loads of colors. It bakes in your oven. The cool thing about sculpey is that you do not need to do much deduction on it...the process is more about adding to the piece. Just start off with the mobile phone idea and let your imagination go....
It's just one of those mornings. As the rain pours down and I'm trying to start my mini (yes those old small ones) I decide it's time to buy a new car.
Now, before I embark on this wonderful journey- there are a few stumble blocks I need to sort out. Firstly, I can't afford a new car, but I'm sure I can find a nice, affordable second hand car somewhere. Secondly, I have no idea what to look for in a car.
For me it's all about how cute I will look in it and that it will take me from point A to point B. I know nothing more than the absolute necessary. The engine is in the front under the hood, the spare wheel is somewhere in the back and I know where the exhaust is. Furthermore, my knowledge is very limited.
With my boyfriend out of town and my time relatively limited, I need to find some or other guide to help me. A guide for people who knows nothing about cars, something written for dummies, a buyers guide for second hand cars.
Obviously, the best and first place I look for this 'Used car buyers guide for dummies' is on the Internet. I, of course, find quite a few irrelevant results that just show me lists of car dealers.
Eventually I stumble across a very in-depth used car buyers guide that gives you twelve different things to look out for when buying a car. I had to read it twice to understand everything, but eventually I got the hang of it.
Firstly, they give some helpful advice regarding the purchase of the used car. Then they chat about registration and documentation and give some useful information- mentioning things like the "Vehicle Identification Number" and where you need to look for it!
Furthermore the buyers guide supply the reader with tips on what to look out for when they are viewing a second hand or used car. They even mention the appearance of the car- and no this is not just the outside of the car!
They give little tidbits to look out for when you start-up the engine. Apparently, when you test-drive the car, you should drive it at various speeds- this will give you an indication of the condition of the engine.
The bodywork of the used car must be inspected and you should look out for any accident damage to the car. Make sure to check out the interior and the upholstery- lift seat covers to see if the seller isn't just hiding damaged seats!
Half of these things I would have never even thought to look at! Other tips include information about the gearbox and clutch, brakes and suspension, radiator and cooling system, as well as more general things like steering and tyres.
Must say, after reading this guide, I will definitely be able to pick out my new second hand used car with more confidence! For those women and other dummies out there that know nothing about what to look out for when buying a second hand or used car- get yourself a buyers guide! It really does help.
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Stock Market for Dummies – Basic Explanation of Stock Market Terms
Most of these terms are used in other sectors of the business world. However, they all mostly mean the same thing in the stock market as well. For dummies (stock market dummies of course) who know very little to nothing about these terms, at the end of this article, it should be clear to you what each means. They are:
Stocks – You, probably, often hear that new stocks or shares are issued everyday by a number of companies, but still the question “what is a stock, and why do companies issue it?” remains. The answers to the questions are simple: 1. Stocks can easily be defined as a tiny fraction of the company that’s up for sale to people like you. 2. Companies issue stock as a means to raise money to help finance the smooth running of their daily productions and activities. Clear enough? It should be since this is a snippet of what there is for stock trading for dummies.
Capital – Just like every other business situation, in stock trading, the term capital is used to describe “the money invested by companies or individuals to start a business”. If a company issues a stock before it begins operations (highly unlikely except among individual acquaintances), then the revenue generated by selling the stocks could be seen as the capital required for starting the business.
Equity and Debt – Since this article is about stock trading for dummies, you’d easily be forgiven for wondering what these terms, especially “Equity”, means. Basically, there are two ways of which companies can raise money. They can do this by either selling all their stocks to get the required resources or by borrowing money with promise to pay it all back later with interest. The
first methodology is called Equity while the other is called debt. Most companies, or even individuals, do as much as they possibly can to avoid debt; which is why they offer their stocks in the stock market to begin with.
As far as this stock market for dummies article goes, the main benefit of stock trading is that shareholders are eligible to share in the profits of the company. In addition, if the price of the stock rises, stockholders also benefit from it, especially if they choose to sell their shares at that point.
About the Author
The Weekly Momentum Stock Trading System Trade Once a Week for Big Profits Free ebook "The 7 Habits of a Highly Successful Trader" Here http://www.stressfreetrading.com
Investing 101- stock market investing for beginner
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I forgot everything about Algebra; what book(s) do you recommend to prepare myself for College Algebra?
I'm considering buying "Algebra for Dummies," but according to some reviews on Amazon, the author assumes that you already know Algebraic functions, and such. I don't know any! The last time I took an Algebra course was about 5 years ago. I am now a freshman student in college, and have to take College Algebra as a pre-req for Pre-Calc which is a pre-req for Chemistry (I'm on the Pre-Med track). I would like to succeed in the College Algebra course, so what books do you recommend? I would be taking it in about 6 months or so (fall semester), thus I have a good amount of time to prepare myself.
I don't know about college algebra, but the algebra book I used in seventh grade was by far the best algebra book I've ever seen. The book takes you step-by-step through each problem, explaining definitions and procedures along the way (it's even color-coded, haha)! It's called Glencoe Algebra 1. You can find it at for sale at amazon here: http://www.amazon.com/Algebra-1-Student-McGraw-Hill/dp/0078738229/ref=pd_bbs_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1236380935&sr=8-3
Hope this helped!
Algebra for Dummies - YourTeacher.com - 1000+ Online Math Lessons
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Every time you grow your own plants, every time they sprout from the earth through container gardening, you get a satisfactory feeling. Why? Because you knew their origination! With food poisoning in foods like vegetables, why take the risk? Many people are starting to grow their own produce instead of risking an ER visit.
If you've been thinking that container gardening is expensive or difficult to operate, you fallen to the same misconception that many people recently have as well. We'll walk you through it, step by step, the process of creating your own container garden. For a nice example, we'll be growing basil.
Step 1: Buy container gardening supplies, which entail (if you know where to shop, it'll cost you around twenty dollars or even less to buy all the materials, especially if you possess a sunny spot for plants. If you don't, then you need to utilize artificial light. This will add to about fifteen to twenty dollars to your varying purchases):
- 3 plastic pots w/h holes for draining at the bottom. Preferably, these will have trays below that catch dirt and water damage around five to six inches in length and five to six inches deep - 1 bag of basil seeds - A fairly small container of compost (organic) - 1 very small bag of peat moss - 1 small gardening spade (also known as a trowel) - A small, versatile watering can and/or spray bottle - A sunny windowsill or artificial source of sunlight
Step 2: Prep the soil by mixing a bit of compost with moss (5 parts compost and one part peat moss. For every trowel of moss, essentially place five trowels of compost). Measure three pots until they are around.5 of an inch from the top w/h the mixture.
Step 3: Place the basil seeds in the dirt, making holes 2.54 cm (1 inch) down in the centre of the individual pots using your fingers. Around three seeds should be placed in each hole, and buried with soil. Hydrate in small quantities with water, and place them under sunlight. The seed should sprout soon and once they are around two inches in height, promptly remove any other sprouts. This will permit you to have only one plant per pot.
Step 4: Watering regularly and maintaining them like any other plant will keep them alive. Look through soil for moisture daily. If the soil feels clay-like, water. If you want the basil to continuously grow, clip off the tip of the stock every few weeks and any branches.
There's nothing more to it! It's that easy, and that fast to start your own container garden. We only planted basil in this example. But you can branch out on your own: try tomatoes, peppers, thyme, roses, or other, as any will work with a few small changes.
If you want to become the envy of your friends and neighbors and if you also want to save time, effort, and money and still make the garden of your dreams, go online to: Container Gardening [http://www.toporganicgardening.com/category/container-gardening/] and Organic Gardening Tips [http://www.toporganicgardening.com]
David Hawkins at your service. R. Kiyosaki has insight on how the system is ran and gives general information you should know. There's a lot of interesting things about Robert Kiyosaki. First of all I would like to say that Robert Kiyosaki is one of the greatest entrepreneurs around. Hawaii is where Robert was born and raised. He attened the U.S Merchant Marine Academy and graduated in 1969. Robert also served in the Marine during Vietnam. He has accomplished plenty that people can learn from.Robert inspires people all over the world with his books. Here are a couple names of his books, Cash flow Quadrant, Rich dad's guide to investing, Rich kid- Smart kid.This book is a prime example on what people are reading. Why we want you to be rich a great book by him and also billionaire Donald Trump. So as you can see Robert is a very powerful and popular man. You may think, how did the top earner's do it. You'll have to go inside the mind of a great leader and find your inner-self. One example should do; there is an amazing cartoon video on Robert's Blog.
This video illustrates what's going on in today's world. It tells how and why the economy is the way that it is. You need to check the video out A.S.A.P. If you need a little motivation Robert Kiyosaki is your man. His blog breaks down the reason why gold has sky rocketed and the value of the dollar is dropping. Mr. Kiyosaki tells about the banking system and why investing in real estate and business are the key to wealth. Don't get scared cause your in for the time of your life. Do you ever wonder how the top earners do it.You can't possibly get all of their strategies. I have a Big surprise and you'll love it. I have a system that will show you the "how to". You heard me right. MLSP shows you the ''how to'' dominate on the Internet. So instead of chasing your family and friends everyone will chase you. You will become the haunted instead of the hunter. Individuals will hunt you down. The #1 thing missing is a driver that really wants to go somewhere. Your right, it takes you, a true leader.
You need to stand up and be accounted for. As long as you don't have a learning dissability, bring what value you have to the table. Don't wait on the dummies to make a move, you are the leader. Don't be one of those followers waiting on a miracle or the lottery. Odds of winning are very low, let me tell you. If you are low in money, our system gives guidence on the best way to do things. Thinking about doing this part-time; MLSP is for anyone that consider their self a entrepheneur.. Our system MYLEADSYSTEMPRO gives you guidance on all levels of the business. Some things that will help you. These are the top five reasons MYLEADSYSTEMPRO was created. Let's count down #5 List Building, #4 Affiliate Marketing, #3 Residual income, #2 Cash flow, and #1 YOU. List building is a must when you consider building relationships. Affiliate marketing puts cash in your pocket so that you are able to collect fat residual checks. Residual income coming throughout your income streams, which leads you to your ultimate goal. You will need a system in place that will create a solid cash flow. You want to be able to take care of your family and yourself now. Lastly of all and is the key which is you. It will take you to be the supreme leader. You bringing value and creativity to the table. You want to become the hunted instead of the hunter. People will chase you verses you chasing them. I've learned this great quote from one of my mentors "you have to give without want, before you can have".Strong and powerful words. These words need to be embedded into your brain.If you are willing to put forth the effort that is needed, you shall meet your goals. Check out this system that will give you guidance on whatever challenge you are trying to succeed in.
To your journey,
P.S You have to walk the walk, see you on the other side
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Could someone explain or give me a link for an idiots guide to schuler tuning....?
the explainantion I have seen on the internet is:- "A pendulum whose period exactly equals the orbital period of a hypothetical satellite orbiting just above the surface of the earth (about 84 minutes) will tend to remain pointing at the center of the earth when its support is suddenly displaced." - this explanation doesn't define what a satalite is and what the the significance of the 84 minutes is.
Please could some simply things for me.....
Much appreciated.
try
http://www.experiencefestival.com/schuler_tuning
Idiots guide to using Windows Internet Explorer 9
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One of the secrets to increased direct response website profits is increasing website traffic, simply because your profits are a function of your conversion rate, how many visitors you have, and your profit margin. Increasing any one of these must needs increase your profits, too.
1. Blog more often. Most people don't blog often enough - perhaps once or twice a month. But Google simply LOVES fresh, new, relevant content. And by writing a blog post every day you'll ensure the Search Engines take notice of your site. Which leads to my next point...
2. Blog with relevance. While you don't have to lose any sleep over how to do this, your blog posts have to be relevant to what people are searching for... and there's nothing for it but to knuckle down to some keyword research, even if it's just basic. Google's free keyword tool is fine for this, and once you're getting some traffic, you can look at your Analytics data and see how people are already finding you. Once you know that, you know where you need to put your time and energy to increase the traffic further.
3. Get your name out there. There are hundreds, probably thousands of forums and blogs out there dedicated to YOUR niche, no matter how arcane it is - of that you can be sure. So, take the time and make the effort, find some of the higher quality ones and dive in. Do NOT spam - you really don't want to do that and it'll really harm your credibility and results if you do. Just make sensible and informative posts and leave your backlink in your profile signature. You WILL get improved SEO and you'll also get traffic from the links.
4. Write more articles. If you're not writing articles and posting them on article marketing sites, you are missing a huge opportunity. I'm aware article marketing isn't the shiniest or most exciting thing in the world but it is, beyond a shadow of a doubt, the most powerful and reliable way to generate online traffic. It's highly qualified traffic, too, because they've already sampled your wares and have clicked through to get more!
5. Be more active on Social Media. Social media isn't my favourite traffic-generation method, to be sure, because it's not as predictable or reliable as the others. But it's definitely worth a try even though it's finicky, and labour intensive. But even so, it's certainly worth setting up a Facebook page and a Twitter account just to see how it pays off for you - fact is, regardless of the hype, it works for some businesses and it simply doesn't work for others. And the only way you'll ever know is to test it.
Direct response marketing in all its forms, online and offline, does take some work and if you think it's going to happen all by itself, then you're in the wrong business. But if you'll just take that first step and actually start and then STICK with it for just 30 days, I promise you'll get results.
About the Author
Jon McCulloch is an online lead-generation and direct response marketing and traffic specialist whose simple and easily copied strategies dramatically increase business owners' online profits. To discover more about his unique straegies, 300% more effective than traditional techniques, visit http://www.jonmcculloch.com/big-marketing-muscle and download your free ebook today.
Google Analytics Setup - A Simple Explanation
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This paper focuses on the classification of cipher system, i.e., stream and block cipher . The benefits of stream cipher over block cipher system. The classification of attacks on stream cipher systems and techniques of cryptanalysis and immunity towards those types of attacks.
Keywords: Stream Cipher, Attacks,Cryptology, Cryptanalysis, Classification of Ciphers and Attacks.
Introduction
A specific method to hide the meaning of a message is called a cipher, and the process of transforming the message or plaintext to a coded message, or ciphertext, is known as encryption. The reverse process of transforming the ciphertext back to the original plaintext is known as decryption. A cipher can be seen as a combination of a general cryptographic algorithm and a key that decides the encryption details in the specific case[1]. The key in modern ciphers is often a sequence of bits (zeros and ones). As the general algorithm is often publicly known, the confidentiality of the message depends on the secrecy of the key (Kerckoff’s law).
Cryptanalysis is the science of recovering information without knowledge of the key. The term cryptology is sometimes used for the area of cryptography and cryptanalysis together. Cryptology uses ideas from several other fields such as information theory, computer science, number theory, and abstract algebra.
Classification of Ciphers
Cryptosystems can either be secret key and symmetric (AES, DES, RC4), or public key and asymmetric (ElGamal, McEliece, RSA). In a symmetric system the sender and receiver have agreed on a secret key, that is used for both encryption and decryption. In an asymmetric cryptosystem the sender uses the receiver’s publicly available public key to encrypt, and the receiver can then decrypt with his private key. The idea of public key cryptography was proposed as recently as 1976 by Diffie and Hellman [2]. The first public key cryptosystem was RSA, which was proposed in 1977 by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman [3]. In secret key cryptography a public key cryptosystem is often used to distribute the secret key.
Symmetric cryptosystems is usually divided into stream ciphers and block ciphers. Stream ciphers encrypt individual characters (usually binary digits) of a plaintext one at a time, using an encryption transformation which varies with time. By contrast, block ciphers tend to simultaneously encrypt groups of characters of a plaintext message using a fixed encryption transformation.
Block ciphers operate with a fixed transformation on large blocks of plaintext data; stream ciphers operate with a time-varying transformation on individual plaintext digits. While block ciphers operate on large blocks of data, stream ciphers typically operate on smaller units of plaintext, usually bits. The encryption of any particular plaintext with a block cipher will result in the same ciphertext when the same key is used. With a stream cipher, the transformation of these smaller plaintext units will vary, depending on when they are encountered during the encryption process.
The benefits of Stream Ciphers over Block ciphers are[4]:
Stream ciphers are generally much faster than block ciphers.
The keystream can be sometimes be generated prior to encryption/decryption.
No or limited error propagation
Low hardware complexity
Long period with no repetitions
Statistically random
Depends on large enough key
Large linear complexity
Correlation immunity
Confusion
Diffusion
Use of highly non-linear Boolean functions
Attacks on Stream Ciphers
An Attack is a successful or unsuccessful attempt at breaking part or all of a cryptosystem. The cryptanalysis (Kryptos = “hidden” and analytein = “ to loosen” ) is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. Typically, this involves finding the secret key. There are several common types of attacks that an attacker can use to enter a system, such as those that exploit buffer overflows, weak passwords, or even configuration issues. Aside from the common types of attacks and their associated vulnerabilities, there exist plenty of other types of attacks that can be used to make life difficult for a system or security administrator.
The cryptanalysis uses the following tools [15]:
Probability theory and statistics.
The Linear algebra
Abstract algebra (group theory)
Computer languages
Complexity theory
The methods for attacking a stream cipher can be classified according to the information available to the cryptanalyst, the aim of the attack, or the way the attack is done. It is often assumed that the attacker has knowledge of the cryptographic algorithm, but not the key.
Fig: A binary additive stream cipher [16].
The different categories of attacks based on the information available to the attacker include:
Ciphertext-only attack: known ciphertext attack is an attack model for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts. The attack is completely successful if the corresponding plaintexts can be deduced, or even better, the key. The plaintext must have
redundancies for such an attack to be successful. The various statistical techniques developed by cryptographers for attacking ciphertext are:
Frequency analysis.
Traffic analysis
Brute force attack
Known-plaintextattack: The attacker has samples of both the plaintext and its encrypted version (ciphertext) and is at liberty to make use of them to reveal further secret information; typically this is the secret key.
· Chosen-plaintextattack: A chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) is an attack model for cryptanalysis which presumes that the attacker has the capability to choose arbitrary plaintexts to be encrypted and obtain the corresponding ciphertexts. The goal of the attack is to gain some further information which reduces the security of the encryption scheme. In the worst case, a chosen-plaintext attack could reveal the scheme's secret key. Any cipher that can prevent chosen-plaintext attacks is then also guaranteed to be secure against known-plaintext and ciphertext-only attacks; this is a conservative approach to security. The two distinguished forms of chosen plaintext attacks are :
§ Batch chosen-plaintext attack
§ Adaptive chosen-plaintext attack
Chosen-ciphertextattack: An attack model wherethe cryptanalyst gathers information, at least in part, by choosing a ciphertext and obtaining its decryption under an unknown key. The aim is to deduce the key. A better approach is to use a cryptosystem which is provably secure under chosen-ciphertext attack, including (among others) RSA-OAEP, Cramer-Shoup and many forms of authenticated symmetric encryption.
The attacks are also classified based on the aim of the attack as follows:
Key recovery: A method to recover the key.
Prediction A method for predicting a bit or sequence of bits of the keystream with a probability better than guessing.
Distinguishing A statistical method to distinguish the keystream from a random sequence
Key Recovery methods:
Exhaustive Key Search: is a trivial way to recover a key. Given a keystream the attacker tries all different keys until the right one is found. If the key is n bits, the attacker has to try 2n keys in the worst case and 2n?1 keys on average. Brute force attack requires a large amount of computing power and a large amount of time to run. For the majority of encryption algorithms a brute force attack is impractical due to the large number of possibilities.
Key Size n(bits)
Number of
Alternative Keys
Time required at
1 encryption/µs
Time required at
106 encryptions/µs
32
232 = 4.3 x 109
231 µs = 35.8 minutes
2.15 milliseconds
56
256 = 4.3 x 1016
255 µs = 1142 years
10.01 hours
128
2128 = 4.3 x 1038
2127 µs = 5.4 x 109 years
5.4 x 1018 years
168
2168 = 4.3 x 1050
2167 µs = 5.9 x 1036 years
5.9 x 1030 years
26 characters (permutation)
26! = 4 x 1036
2 x 1026 µs = 6.4 x 1012 years
6.4 x 106 years
Average Time Required for Exhaustive Key Search
Dictionary attack: This essentially involves running through a dictionary of words in the hope that the key (or the plaintext) is one of them. This type of attack is often used to determine passwords since people usually use easy to remember words. So this type o attack can be prevented by avoiding the words present in the dictionaries as key or password. Alphanumeric characters can be a better option against dictionary attack.
Time Memory Trade-offs: A time memory trade-off (TMTO) attack is an attack were large amounts of precomputed data is used to lower the computational complexity. The name comes from the fact that there is often a trade-off between the amount of memory used for data storage and the amount of time used for computations. Birthday attack is the first TMTO attack used to break A5 cipher used in GSM standard [5]. To avoid the known TMTO attacks for stream ciphers, the state size should be at least twice the key size, and the IV size should be at least as large as the key size.
Distinguishing Attacks: A distinguishing attack is a method for distinguishing the keystream from a truly random sequence. Distinguishing attacks can be generic in the sense that they are likely to work on a category of ciphers, or very specific and targeted at a specific cipher. A typical specific distinguishing attack uses the fact that some part of the keystream, with a high probability, is a function of some other parts of the keystream.
Zi = f(Zi?1,Zi?1, . . . ,Zi?n)
If a cipher fails any of the ordinary statistical tests like frequency test, serial test, poker test, runs test, and autocorrelation test, this can be used to distinguish the keystream. Distinguishing attacks often require large amounts of keystream. An easy way to get away from such attacks is to state that the cipher must be rekeyed after a certain amount of keystream.
Guess and Determinate attack: The strategy used here is to guess a few of the unknown variables in the cipher, and from the guessed values deduce the values of other unknown variables. This is often slower compared to exhaustive key search due to nonlinearities and irregularities in the cipher. Because of this, an assumption is made that makes the cipher more linear. If the probability that the assumption holds is p, the expected number of tries until the assumption holds are 1/p.
The attack is successful if 2g · (1/p) · w < 2k, where g is the number of guessed bits, p is the probability that the assumption holds, w is the work needed to determine if the guess is right and the assumption holds, and k is the key size.
Differential Cryptanalysis:
The attacker can introduce errors during the computation, leading to an error in the output. By examining the difference between an unfaulty computation and a faulty one, the attacker can deduce information on the computation [6]. These ideas are used in various cryptanalytic attacks on stream ciphers. For example, in [7] it is shown that two IVs with some given difference may produce the same key stream. A key difference or even an initial value difference can be used to predict the stream differences with some probability. This phenomena is easily observed and detected where the key loading procedure and the key updating procedure are linear (as in an LFSR), as well as in nonlinear procedures that initialize the internal state of the stream cipher like in RC4 [8].
Correlation attack: The correlation attack is a class of attack on stream cipher and can be applied if the keystream z1, z2, . . .zn must be correlated with the output sequence a1, a2 . . . of a much simpler internal device, such as a LFSR. The two sequences are correlated if the probability P(zi = ai) ? 0.5[9][10][11]. Synchronous stream ciphers are resynchronized frequently. During the resynchronization period, the secret key is manipulated while the power consumption is data dependent, we can utilize this mortal weakness to perform CPA (Correlation Power Analysis) to recover the secret key [18]. The basic correlation attacks are mainly cipher text only or known plain text attack.
Algebraic attack: A method of cryptanalytic attack used against block ciphers and stream ciphers that exhibit a significant amount of mathematical structure. Any stream cipher is defined by a system of algebraic equations. A solution of this system gives the secret key. Algebraic attacks on LFSR-based stream ciphers recover the secret key by solving an over defined system of multivariate algebraic equations. They exploit multivariate relations involving key bits and output bits and become very efficient if such relations of low degrees may be found. In view of algebraic attacks, low degree multiples of Boolean functions are a basic concern in the design of stream ciphers as well as of block ciphers.
The immunity for Algebraic attack is, if there are several filtering functions fi in a stream cipher, there should be no algebraic combination of the fi and of “reasonable” size, that would have an unusually low degree. By extension, this criterion also applies to stream ciphers that have only one filtering function.
Indeed a cipher having only one filtering function f, can be seen as using several functions defined as: f, f ? L, f ? L2, . . .. It can be seen that, in all cases, our security criterion can be re-formulated as: there should be no non-trivial multivariate relations of low degree that relate the key bits and one or many output bits of the cipher [12].
Side Channel Attack: “Side channel” attacks are based on “Side channel information”.Side channel information is informationretrieved from the physical implementation instead of theoretic weaknesses. Any information that can be measured, and is dependent on the key, state, or plaintext. Side channel analyses are of concern because the attacks can be mounted quickly and also be implemented using readily available hardware costing only a few dollars to thousands of dollars. The amount of time required to attack and analysis depends on the types of attack (power analysis, timing attack,etc). In a timing attack the attacker tries to break a cipher by analyzing the execution time for encryption or decryption. It can be done if the encryption or decryption time depends on the input. The cryptosystems often take slightly different time to process different inputs. This is usually the case for asymmetric algorithms [13].
The timing attacks are based on measuring the time required for a unit to perform operations. This information can lead to the information about the secret keys. Power analysis is similar to a timing attack, but the attacker studies the power consumption of a cryptographic device (smart card, CPU). Other information that has been suggested includes leaked electromagnetic radiation and sound [14]. To circumvent side channel attacks, in general the time that operations take must be totally independent of the input data or key data. Whenever different sub operations are performed according to key bits or input data ,all sub operations should take same number of clock cycles. This will prevent timing attacks. Blinding is another technique for preventing side channel attacks.. Blinding means that the execution time and power consumption are made independent of the inputs.
The other technique to prevent side channel attacks is by avoiding the use of procedures that use intermediates or keys for conditional branching operations. Calculations should be performed using functions that use elementary operations (AND,OR and EXOR). This feature can make it extremely difficult to guess the input and key values using measurement of timing or power consumption .Introduction of random delays to perform the operations can also make the attack difficult. Power Consumption Balancing can also be used where dummy registers and gates are used to perform useless operations. Reducing the signal size and addition of noise increases the number of samples required to attack, possibly to an unfeasibly large number [17].
Conclusion
This paper summarizes the basic Cryptographic cipher system, specially the Stream cipher system, its advantages over the Block cipher system. The attacks and classification of attacks and some common types of attacks applied on Stream cipher systems for cryptanalysis and the Immunity towards those types of attacks.
References:
[1]. Simon Singh. The Code Book: The Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography. Anchor Books, New York, 2000. ISBN 0-385-49532-3.
[2]. Whitfield Diffie and Martin E. Hellman. New Directions in Cryptography. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 22(6):644–654, November 1976.
[3]. Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman. A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems. Communications of the ACM, 21(2):120–126, 1978. http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~rivest/rsapaper.pdf.
[4]. Marcus Schafheutle and Stefan Pyka. Stream Ciphers. Technical report, NESSIE consortium, February 2003. 103–122 pp. https://www.cosic.esat.kuleuven.be/nessie/deliverables/D20-v2.pdf.
[5]. Jovan Dj. Goli´c. Cryptanalysis of alleged A5 stream cipher. In Eurocrypt’97 LNCS 1233, pages 239–255.Springer-Verlag,1997.
[7]. Hongjun Wu, Bart Preneel, Attacking the IV Setup of Py and Pypy, eSTREAM website, 2006. Available online at http://www.ecrypt.eu.org/stream/papersdir/2006/050.pdf.
[8]. Ronald L. Rivest, RSA security Response to weaknesses in key scheduling algorithm of RC4, Technical note, RSA Data Security, Inc., 2001. [The structure of RC4 was never published officially, it was leaked in 1994 to the Internet. This note confirms that the leaked code is indeed RC4].
[9]. Thomas Siegenthaler. Decrypting a Class of Stream Ciphers Using Ciphertext Only. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 34(1):81–85, January 1985
[10]. Fredrik J¨onsson. Some results on fast correlation attacks. PhD thesis, Lund University, May 2002.
[11]. Willi Meier and Othmar Staffelbach. Fast correlation attacks on certain stream
ciphers. Journal of Cryptology, 1(3):159–176, 1989.
[12]. Algebraic Attacks on Stream Ciphers with Linear Feedback Nicolas T. Courtois1 and Willi Meier2 Cryptography Research, Schlumberger Smart Cards, 36-38 rue de la Princesse, BP 45, F-78430 Louveciennes Cedex, France, courtois@minrank.org 2 FH Aargau, CH-5210 Windisch, Switzerland, meierw@fh-argau.ch.
[13]. David Brumley and Dan Boneh. Remote Timing Attacks are Practical. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Security Symposium, August 2003.
[14]. Adi Shamir and Eran Tromer. Acoustic cryptanalysis: on nosy people and noisy machines. http://www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il/~tromer/acoustic/
[15] M. Robshaw. Stream ciphers. Technical Report TR – 701. RSALabs, July 1995.
[16] Analysis of Stream Cipher Security Algorithm,Journal of Information and Computing Science,Vol. 2, No. 4, 2007, pp. 288-298, Musbah J. Aqel 1 +, Ziad A. Alqadi 2 ++, Ibraheim M. El Emary, Received October 12, 2006, accepted January 30 2007.
[17] An Introduction to Side Channel Attacks , Hagai Bar-El, White paper,Discretix Technologies limited.
[18] Correlation Power Analysis Attack against Synchronous Stream Ciphers, Keke Wu1, Huiyun Li1, Bo Peng2, Fengqi Yu1 1. Department of Integrated Electronics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (CAS), Shenzhen, China 2. Side Channel Security Technology LaboratoryZTEIC Design Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, China {kk.wu, hy.li, fq.yu}@siat.ac.cn, peng.bo@zte.com.cn.
About the Author
Anaish for Dummies - a dictionary of the language of Anastacia fans
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[simpleaffiliate source="chitika" results="0"][/simpleaffiliate] How long roughly before my toddler starts talking?
i know its different for everyone,but im curious. hes 14months,walking,running round has a few teeth,copies everything we do and babbles,he says long sentences that sound like a foriegn language.he is talking but in his own language and talks all day so im wondering how long before he starts talking english!he calls his Dummy a Da! thanks
It is imminent!!
What you have described perfectly is part of the developmental pathway. First 'babbling,' then 'scribble talk' with word like forms amongst it, then words.
Beware he is about to become a speaking human being!
How to Make a Knit Stitch, English-Style For Dummies
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Welcome to this first report of 6, showing you how to earn money on-line. I am often asked "How does affiliate marketing work"? Well, via this article, and others in the series, I'm going to answer the aforementioned question. Creating your own product is another option, and I will be covering this too at some point in the future, however we have to start somewhere, so let's commence with how the prospective internet marketer who doesn't have a product or website begins his or her business.
Firstly, if you do not have a product, then the best way to make money is to become an affiliate of other people's creations and earn commissions via sales, by affiliate,I mean you simply agree to market or sell someone else's product in return for a commission on sales. Now this sounds fairly straightforward in theory doesn't it? But to actually earn money and be a success you MUST follow a set of tried and tested rules - and that is what this article - and others in the series - is going to show you.
So what comes first - the website or affiliate product? The answer is the product - in other words what you want to sell, be this your own creation or someone else's. Think of your website as your shop, if you don't yet have anything to sell - what's the point of diverting your efforts at this stage? Are you with me? So what do you need to do next? Well the first thing is to find a large niche, a niche being a group of people who have an interest in a specialist subject. What do I mean by that? Well 'dog training' for instance is a very large niche, think of all the types of dogs you could train, they all have different temperaments, there's not a one size fits all training schedule for every breed of dog, so if you looked deeper, how about 'training your Labrador,' even deeper still, how about 'house training your Labrador,' and deeper, 'how to stop your Labrador puppy from chewing furniture,' do you see where I'm coming from? Find a specific larger niche and then dig deeper until you find a small one that appeals, and has sufficient interest from members of the public. Fine, I can see where you are coming from "But how do I do that" I hear you say - good question, here's what you do:
Visit www.amazon.co.uk and in the search bar on their site, select 'Books' from the menu, in the long bar to the right of this, type in the words "For Dummies" without the inverted commas - up pops a pile of 'Dummies' books - you must have heard of them, I have a couple myself, they are a 'how to' guide, for want of a better term, on a wide cross section of subjects - trust me when I tell you, if Dummies are spending THEIR money to create a book - there MUST be a demand for it - they are certainly not a charity, they don't publish books out of the goodness of their hearts - it's a business decision and because they have done their research - they have identified a market and they then publish a book to reach it. Now open 'Notepad' on your desktop.
Begin to scroll down the list of books, noting any subjects that you feel are of interest to you, there are a lot of sub-categories down the side of the page too, find many more Dummies books by going there. Let your imagination run riot. Then go to www.clickbank.com and click on the 'Marketplace' tab on the top of the page. When you get there, find a main category and then click on a sub-category to the right, search for large niches on the first page. By focusing on the top 10 sellers on the first page there MUST again be a demand. Remember you aren't looking for the identical niche that appears on this page, you will be looking to dig deeper, to find a smaller niche within the larger one as described earlier. As if the above two sites wouldn't give you more than enough potential for years, there is another good site you can try if you wish, visit: www.magazine.com and when you arrive there, do the same as for Clickbank and Amazon; select categories, you'll see them running down the side of the site, search these and keep digging until you see a subject that interests you.
Well then, that tells you how to find a 'large' niche, now, how do find a smaller niche within that niche? This is what you do next: Visit: www.freekeywords.wordtracker.com and type into the 'keyword' box, one of you large niche names or phrases; lets say you went to Dummies and saw 'Building Self Confidence' we'll call this 'Self Confidence' for short. Type in that exact two word search term into the box as described - what do you get? Well at the time of writing this is what I found; 582 daily searches in total for that top large niche - STOP! - Forget that - a large niche is what you seek, by large we mean an average of 1500 daily searches, if there is much less, don't bother - there are too few people to make the effort worthwhile, as you dig deeper you will probably find the smaller niches are too small to be of interest - there must be sufficient interest in the larger niche to make the smaller ones viable.
Lets instead try, say, Controlling Cholesterol for Dummies, by typing the word 'cholesterol' into Word tracker this is what I got: 14372 daily searches - excellent. You will see a drop down list of related search terms, go down these and look for daily searches of somewhere between 30 and 80. In this category I found far too many to list here, but as an example, here are a few I noticed. How to lower cholesterol naturally Foods to lower cholesterol Diet for High cholesterol Cholesterol lowering tips, etc.
Are you getting the idea? Do you see that with just ONE idea, and believe you me I would have hundreds of them by now from the technique I have described, I have already, in less than 60 minutes, identified a potential market - and we've just started! So based on that information what am I going to go for? Tips are a particularly popular subject, so why not 'Cholesterol lowering tips'?
Right then, there's our market, the smaller niche within a niche. We know there is a demand because 'cholesterol lowering tips' has on average of 32 daily searches. That's not far off 1000 people a month, or over 10,000 a year, now even if some of those are duplications, e.g., the same person is doing the same daily search, day in day out, which I doubt, there are still plenty of prospects that should be of interest - right? You betcha! Now at this stage you might ask me "why are you going for these smaller searches," why not go after the more popular search terms?" another good question - well my friend that's easy to answer - we aren't going after those popular - what are known as 'Money' key words, simply by virtue of the fact that they ARE popular - too popular by half, and as a consequence, the world and his mother will be after them, let's leave that to the big boys. I promise all will become even clearer as we progress through these articles.
We are going to focus on what are known as 'long tail' keywords, this is a term to describe less popular search terms, which still have sufficient interest - but in lower quantities, so they are easier to 'rank' in the likes of Google, Yahoo etc. By 'rank' I mean easier to get your report (see below) to the top of a Google main page for the exact phrase that you have decided you wish to pursue. So we have found our larger niche, whittled it down to a smaller niche with Word tracker and now we have our subject, "now what"? Well we now prepare our 'bait' to enable us to go fishing in the sea of internet marketing, how do we do that? Well for 'bait' read 'report' we need to prepare a report on the subject matter, in this case, cholesterol lowering tips, "but I don't know anything about that," you are probably saying - trust me - YOU don't need to know, but you do need to find a source that DOES, and in the next article I will show you exactly how to find your information for free.
About the Author
Adam Cadell is an internet marketer, life coach and hypnotherpist. He writes weekly newsletters offering a large amount of free help and advice to prospective internet marketers. His main site is at: http://www.adamcadell.com and to obtain the additional reports in the above series please subscribe to his weekly newsletter which is the one available on his site which offers a complimentary 100 plus page report on how to build your very own website.
Dog Training 101: How to Use an Easy Walk Harness
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I'm writing this article for the person who knows nothing about baseball, the person who doesn't know the difference between the Triple Crown and an unassisted Triple Play. I'm not going to write about the history of baseball so if that's what you want look somewhere else, I'm going to tell you the necessary information so you can sit down on a Saturday afternoon and watch a baseball game. Even if you do know a lot I'm hoping you can learn a little.
Introduction
Baseball is a bat and ball sport played by 2 teams of 9 players a side. The goal of baseball is to score runsby hitting a ball that is thrown by the pitcher and run around the bases.The bases are arranged on the corners of a 90 foot square called the diamond. Players on the battingteam take turns hitting while the fieldingteam tries to get them out.Once a player on the batting team gets on base he can choose to stop in the hope that a teammate will drive him in. The teams switch between batting and fielding when the fielding team gets 3 outs. Once each team gets 3 outs that is an inning, there are 9 innings in a MLBgame. The team with the most runs at the end of the game wins.
Major League Baseball
In the United States and Canada the professional baseball league is called Major League Baseball (MLB.) MLB is divided into 2 leagues, the National League (NL)and the American League (AL) which in turn, are divided into 3 divisions: East, Central and West. To determine the champion of baseball MLB uses an 8 team playoff. The teams that make it are all 6 division winners plus a Wild Card. The wild card is the team with the best record that isn’t a division winner. The first round is best of 5 while the second round and the World Series are best of 7. Each major league team has a farm system of minorleague teams at various levels. These teams allow players to gain improve while playing against opponents with a similar skill level.
Equipment and Field
There are 4 basic tools in baseball: the bat, the ball, the mitt and the field
The bat is an offensive tool used by the batter that is either wood or aluminum depending on the league. It is a long stick maybe 35 inches long, 2 inches wide and 35 ounces heavy.
The mitt otherwise known as a glove is worn by the fielding team to assist in catching the ball. Mitts take various shapes and sizes to accommodate the needs of individual positions.
A baseball is about the size of a fist and white with red lacing (Although other colors could be used.)
Baseball is played on a field in which the dimensions vary depending on age. However every field has bases which are arranged on a diamond that offensive payers try to run around counterclockwise. The part of the field closest to the bases is the infield and the part farther away is the outfield.
Game Play
Baseball is played in a series of 9 innings, each of which are divided in to 2 halves, top and bottom. In each half-inning, the offensive team attempts to score runs until three of its players are put out. After the third out, the teams switch roles for the other half of the inning. The home team plays defense first, and so plays defense in the top of every inning and offense in the bottom of every inning. At the beginning of each half-inning, the nine defensive players arrange themselves on the field. One defensive player is called the pitcher and stands at the center of the diamond on a designated spot, called the mound or the rubber. Another defensive player is called the catcher and stands on the other side of home plate from the pitcher. Typically four more players are arranged along the lines between first, second, and third bases, and the other three are in the outfield.
Runs are scored as follows: starting at home plate, each offensive player attempts to earn the right to run to the next base of the diamond, then to touch the base at that corner, continuing on to each following base in order, and finally returning to home, whereupon a run is scored. Often an offensive player will achieve a base but be forced to stop there; on future plays the player may continue to advance, or else be put out.
A play begins with an offensive player called a batter standing at home plate, holding a bat. The batter then waits for the pitcher to throw a pitch (the ball) toward home plate, and attempts to hit the ball with the bat. If the batter hits the ball into play, the batter must drop the bat and begin running toward first base. There are other ways to earn the right to run the bases, such as walks or being hit by a pitched ball. The catcher catches pitches that the batter does not hit (either by choice or simple failure to make contact) and returns them to the pitcher.
If the batter fails to hit a well-pitched ball (one within the strike zone) or if he hits it so that it goes outside of the field of play it is called a strike. However, if the ball is hit over the outfield and exits the field there, it is instead (one type of) a Homerun: the batter and all other offensive players on bases may complete a tour of the bases and score a run.
When a batter begins running, he or she is then referred to as a. Runners attempt to reach a base, where they are safe and may remain there. The runner defensive players attempt to prevent this by putting the runners out using the ball; runners put out must leave the field (returning to the bench or Dugout the location where all the other inactive players and managers observe the game).
There are many ways that the team on defense can get an offensive player out. For the sake of simplicity, only the five most common ways are listed here:
1. The Strikeout: occurs when the batter acquires three strikes before hitting the ball (within the field); the batter never becomes a runner.
2. The Groundout: when the batter hits the ball but a defensive player retrieves it after it has touched the ground and throws it to another defensive player standing on first base before the runner arrives there.
3. The Forceout: occurs when a runner is required to run to advance bases ahead of a teammate's hit but fails to reach it before a defensive player reaches the base with the ball. The "ground out" is actually a special case of "force out."
4. The Flyout: if a defensive player catches a hit ball before it touches the ground, the batter (now a runner) is out (regardless of his location).
5. The Tagout: while between bases, a runner is out if a defensive player touches him with a held ball.
Baseball Statistics
Statistics play an important role in summarizing baseball performance and evaluating players in the sport. Since the flow of baseball has natural breaks to it, the game lends itself to easy record keeping and statistics. This makes comparisons between players' on field performance relatively easy, and therefore gives statistics more importance in baseball than in most other sports. Statistics have been kept for professional baseball since the creation of each league.
About the Author
boondog is a current member of rootzoo.com, and he loves to talk sports. He, especially, loves baseball talk.
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